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Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to resolve the problem of complex system diagnosis with unobservable events such as Hall thruster.

Design/methodology/approach

Fault class is defined by unobservable transitions subset. Every fault class is departed into four levels of alarm. The level of alarm for a fault class is identified by constructing basis reachability graph and computing j vector and basis marking. Certain factor values of diagnosis results are given by introducing two fuzzy operators. A two‐directional reasoning strategy is adopted which are forward reasoning and backward reasoning.

Findings

Using basis reachability graph and notions of basis marking and j vector, fuzzy Petri net with unobservable transitions can resolve the diagnosis problems with high accuracy and efficiency.

Research limitations/implications

The relationship between unobservable events must be known.

Practical implications

The method shows its superiority when it is applied to unobservable systems such as spacecraft.

Originality/value

A novel fuzzy Petri net framework for unobservable system multi‐fault diagnosis is put forward which introduces some new ideas.

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