... Natural resource rents Institutional quality Landlocked developing countries Africa Panel models Digitalization has altered the economics of distance in Africa. For landlocked economies, where geography raises transport costs, fragments the market, reduces foreign direct investment...

... Emerald Publishing Limited Licensed re-use rights only Exports Total factor productivity Credit information Sub-Saharan Africa Panel models F14 D24 E51 N17 C33 The 2008 global financial crisis had a devastating impact on trade flows, leading to double-digit declines...