Conformal transformation of Douglas space of second kind with special (α, β)-metric

Ranjan, Rishabh; Pandey, P.N.; Paul, Ajit

doi:10.1108/AJMS-08-2021-0189

Purpose

In this paper, the authors prove that the Douglas space of second kind with a generalised form of special (α, β)-metric F, is conformally invariant.

Design/methodology/approach

For, the authors have used the notion of conformal transformation and Douglas space.

Findings

The authors found some results to show that the Douglas space of second kind with certain (α, β)-metrics such as Randers metric, first approximate Matsumoto metric along with some special (α, β)-metrics, is invariant under a conformal change.

Originality/value

The authors introduced Douglas space of second kind and established conditions under which it can be transformed to a Douglas space of second kind.

1. Introduction

A number of geometers have been studying Douglas space [1, 2] from different point of view. The theory of Finsler spaces more precisely Berwald spaces with an (α, β)-metric [3–5] have significant role to develop the Finsler geometry [6]. The concept of Douglas space of second kind with (α, β)-metric was first discussed by I. Y. Lee [7] in Finsler geometry. In [8], S. Bacso and Matsumoto developed the concept of Douglas space as an extension of Berwald space. In [9], S. Bacso and Szilagyi introduced the concept of weakly-Berwald space as another extension of Berwald space. In [10], M. S. Kneblman started working on the concept of conformal Finsler spaces and consequently, this notion was explored by M. Hashiguchi [11]. In [12, 13] Y. D. Lee and B.N. Prasad developed the conformally invariant tensorial quantities in a Finsler space with (α, β)-metric under conformal β-change.

In this paper, we prove that the Douglas space of second kind with generalised special (α, β)-metric is conformally invariant. In the consequence, we find some results to show that the Douglas space of second kind with certain (α, β)-metric such as Randers metric, first approximate Matsumoto metric and Finsler space with some generalised form of (α, β)-metric remains unchanged geometrically under a confomal transformation.

2. Preliminaries

A Finsler space Fⁿ = (M, F(α, β)) is said to be with an (α, β)-metric if F(α, β) is a positively homogeneous function in α and β of degree 1, where α is Riemannian metric given by α² = a_ij(x)yⁱy^j and β = b_i(x)yⁱ is 1-form. The space Rⁿ = (M, α) is called Riemannian space associated with Fⁿ. We shall use the following symbols [6];

b^{i} = a^{i r} b_{r}, b^{2} = a^{r s} b_{r} b_{s}

2 r_{i j} = b_{i | j} + b_{j | i}, 2 s_{i j} = b_{i | j} - b_{j | i}

s_{j}^{i} = a^{i r} s_{r j}, s_{j} = b_{r} s_{j}^{r}

The Berwald connection

B Γ = {G_{j k}^{i} (x, y), G_{j}^{i}}

of Fⁿ plays an important role in this paper. $B_{j k}^{i}$ denotes the difference tensor of $G_{j k}^{i}$ and $γ_{j k}^{i}$ that is

G_{j k}^{i} (x, y) = γ_{j k}^{i} (x) + B_{j k}^{i} (x, y) .

(1)

Using the subscript 0 and transvecting by yⁱ, we get

G_{j}^{i} = γ_{0 j}^{i} + B_{j}^{i} a n d 2 G^{i} = γ_{00}^{i} + 2 B^{i},

(2)

and then $B_{j}^{i} = {\dot{\partial}}_{j} B^{i}$ and $B_{j k}^{i} = {\dot{\partial}}_{k} B_{j}^{i}$ ⁠. A Finsler space Fⁿ of dimension n is called a Douglas space [14] if

D^{i j} = G^{i} (x, y) Y^{i} - G^{j} (x, y) y^{i},

(3)

are homogeneous polynomial of (yⁱ) of degree three.

Next, differentiating (3) with respect to y^m, we obtain the following definitions;

Definition 1.

([14]) A Finsler space Fⁿ is a Douglas space of second kind if $D_{i m}^{i} = (n + 1) G^{i} - G_{m}^{i m} y^{i}$ is a two homogeneous polynomial in (yⁱ).

On the other hand, a Finsler space with (α, β)-metric is a Douglas space of second kind if and only if

B_{m}^{i m} = (n + 1) B^{i} - B_{m}^{m} y^{i},

(4)

are homogeneous equation in (yⁱ) of degree two, when $B_{m}^{m}$ is same as given in [14].

Furthermore, differentiating Eqn (4) with respect to y^h, y^j and y^k, we obtain

B_{h j k m}^{i m} = B_{h j k}^{i} = 0 .

(5)

Definition 2.

A Finsler space Fⁿ with (α, β)-metric is known as Douglas space of second kind if $B_{m}^{i m} = (n + 1) B^{i} - B_{m}^{m} y^{i}$ is a homogeneous polynomial in (yⁱ) of degree two.

3. Douglas space of second kind with (α, β)-metric

Under this section, we discuss the criteria for a Finsler space with an (α, β)-metric to be a Douglas space of second kind [2].

The spray coefficient Gⁱ(x, y) of Fⁿ can be expressed as [4].

2 G^{i} = γ_{00}^{i} + 2 B^{i}

(6)

B^{i} = \frac{α F_{β}}{F_{α}} s_{0}^{i} + C^{*} [\frac{β F_{β}}{α F} y^{i} - \frac{α F_{α α}}{F_{α}} (\frac{y^{i}}{α} - \frac{α b^{i}}{β})],

(7)

where

C^{*} = \frac{α β (r_{00} F_{α} - 2 α s_{0} F_{β})}{2 (β^{2} F_{α} + α γ^{2} F_{α α})},

γ^{2} = b^{2} α^{2} - β^{2} .

(8)

Since $γ_{00}^{i} = γ_{j k}^{i} (x) y^{j} y^{k}$ is hp(2), Eqn (7) yields

B^{i j} = \frac{α F_{β}}{F_{α}} (s_{0}^{i} y^{j} - s_{0}^{j} y^{i}) + \frac{α^{2} F_{α α}}{β F_{α}} C^{*} (b^{i} y^{j} - b^{j} y^{i}) .

(9)

By means of (3) and (9), we obtain the following lemma [14];

Lemma 1.

A Finsler space Fⁿ with an (α, β)-metric is a Douglas space if and only if B^ij = Bⁱy^j − B^jyⁱ are hp(3).

Differentiating (9) with respect to y^h, y^k, y^p and y^q, we can have $D_{h k p q}^{i j} = 0$ which are equivalent to $D_{h k p m}^{i m} = (n + 1) D_{h k p}^{i} = 0$ ⁠. Hence, a Finsler space Fⁿ satisfying the condition $D_{h k p q}^{i j} = 0$ is called Douglas space. Now, differentiating Eqn (9) with respect to y^m and contracting m and j in the resulting equation, we get

\begin{aligned} B^{i m} = & \frac{(n + 1) α F_{β} s_{0}^{i}}{F_{α}} + \frac{α \{(n + 1) α^{2} Ω F_{α α} b^{i} + β γ^{2} A y^{i}\} r_{00}}{2 Ω^{2}} \\ - \frac{α^{2} \{(n + 1) α^{2} Ω F_{β} F_{α α} b^{i} + B y^{i}\} s_{0}}{F_{α} Ω^{2}} - \frac{α^{3} F_{α α} y^{i} r_{0}}{Ω} \end{aligned}

(10)

where $Ω = (β^{2} F_{α} + α γ^{2} F_{α α})$ ⁠, provided that Ω ≠ 0, $A = α F_{α} F_{α α α} + 3 F_{α} F_{α α} - 3 α {(F_{α α})}^{2}$ and

B = α β γ^{2} F_{α} F_{β} F_{α α α} + β \{(3 γ^{2} - β^{2}) F_{α} - 4 α γ^{2} F_{α α}\} F_{β} F_{α α} + Ω F F_{α α}

(11)

Following result is used in the succeeding section [7]:

Theorem 1.

A Finsler space Fⁿ is a Douglas space if second kind if and only if $B_{m}^{i m}$ are homogeneous polynomials in (y^m) of degree two, where $B_{m}^{i m}$ is given by Eqs (10) and (11), provided Ω ≠ 0.

4. Conformal change of Douglas space of second kind with (α, β)-metric

In this section, we find the criteria for a Douglas space of second kind to be conformally invariant.

Let Fⁿ = (M, F) and ${\bar{F}}^{n} = (M, \bar{F})$ be two Finsler spaces. Then Fⁿ is called conformal to ${\bar{F}}^{n}$ if we have a function σ(x) in each coordinate neighbourhood of Mⁿ such that $\bar{F} (x, y) = e^{σ} F (x, y)$ and this transformation $F \to \bar{F}$ is called conformal change.

A conformal change of (α, β)-metric is given as $(α, β) \to (\bar{α}, \bar{β})$ ⁠, where $\bar{α} = e^{σ} α$ ⁠, $\bar{β} = e^{σ} β$ that is,

{\bar{a}}_{i j} = e^{2 σ} a_{i j}, {\bar{b}}_{i} = e^{σ} b_{i}

(12)

{\bar{a}}^{i j} = e^{- 2 σ} a^{i j}, {\bar{b}}^{i} = e^{- σ} b^{i}

(13)

and $b^{2} = a^{i j} b_{i} b_{j} = {\bar{a}}^{i j} {\bar{b}}_{i} {\bar{b}}_{j}$

From Eqn (13), the Christoffel symbols are given by:

{\bar{γ}}_{j k}^{i} = γ_{j k}^{i} + δ_{j}^{i} σ_{k} + δ_{k}^{i} σ_{j} - σ^{i} a_{j k},

(14)

Where, σ_j = ∂_jσ and σⁱ = a^ijσ_j.

Using (13) and (14), we obtain the following identities:

{\bar{\nabla}}_{j} {\bar{b}}_{i} = e^{σ} (\nabla_{j} b_{i} + ρ a_{i j} - σ_{i} b_{j}),

{\bar{r}}_{i j} = e^{σ} [r_{i j} + ρ a_{i j} - \frac{1}{2} (b_{i} σ_{j} + b_{j} σ_{i})],

{\bar{s}}_{i j} = e^{σ} [s_{i j} + \frac{1}{2} (b_{i} σ_{j} - b_{j} σ_{i})],

{\bar{s}}_{j}^{i} = e^{- σ} [s_{j}^{i} + \frac{1}{2} (b^{i} σ_{j} - b_{j} σ^{i})],

{\bar{s}}_{j} = s_{j} + \frac{1}{2} (b^{2} σ_{j} - ρ b_{j}),

(15)

Where, ρ = σ_rb^r.

Using Eqs (14) and (15), we get easily the followings:

{\bar{γ}}_{00}^{i} = γ_{00}^{i} + 2 σ_{0} y^{i} - α^{2} σ_{j},

(16)

{\bar{r}}_{00} = e^{σ} (r_{00} + ρ α^{2} - σ_{0} β),

(17)

{\bar{s}}_{0}^{i} = e^{- σ} [s_{0}^{i} + \frac{1}{2} (σ s_{0} b^{i} - β σ^{i})],

(18)

{\bar{s}}_{0} = s_{0} + \frac{1}{2} (σ_{0} b^{i} - ρ β) .

(19)

Now we obtain the conformal transformation of B^ij given by Eqn (9).

Consider $\bar{F} (α, β) = e^{σ} F (α, β)$ then

{\bar{F}}_{\bar{α}} = F_{α}, {\bar{F}}_{\bar{α} \bar{α}} = e^{- σ} F_{α α}, {\bar{F}}_{\bar{β}} = F_{β}, {\bar{γ}}^{2} = e^{2 α} γ^{2}

(20)

From Eqs (8), (19), (20) and using Theorem 3.1, we obtain

{\bar{C}}^{*} = e^{σ} (C^{*} + D^{*}),

(21)

Where,

D^{*} = \frac{α β [(β α^{2} - σ_{0} β) F_{α} - α (b^{2} σ_{0} - ρ β) F_{β}]}{2 (β^{2} F_{α} + α γ^{2} F_{α α})}

(22)

Hence B^ij can be expressed as:

{\bar{B}}^{i j} = \frac{α F_{β}}{F_{α}} (s_{0}^{i} y^{j} - s_{0}^{j} y^{i}) + \frac{α^{2} F_{α α}}{β F_{α}} C^{*} (b^{i} y^{j} - b^{j} y^{i})

+ (\frac{α σ_{0} F_{β}}{F_{α}} + \frac{α^{2} F_{α α}}{β F_{α}} D^{*}) (b^{i} y^{j} - b^{j} y^{i}) - \frac{α β F_{β}}{2 F_{α}} (σ^{i} y^{j} - σ^{j} y^{i}),

= B^{i j} + C^{i j},

Where,

C^{i j} = (\frac{α σ_{0} F_{β}}{F_{α}} + \frac{α^{2} F_{α α}}{β F_{α}} D^{*}) (b^{i} y^{j} - b^{j} y^{i}) - \frac{α β F_{β}}{2 F_{α}} (σ^{i} y^{j} - σ^{j} y^{i}) .

Using Eqn (11), we can have

\bar{Ω} = e^{2 α} Ω, \bar{A} = e^{- σ} A, \bar{B} = e^{2 α} B .

(23)

Now, we use conformal transformation on $B_{m}^{i m}$ and obtain

{\bar{B}}_{m}^{i m} = B_{m}^{i m} + K_{m}^{i m}

(24)

Where, $K_{m}^{i m}$ is given by [15, 16].

\begin{aligned} 2 K_{m}^{i m} = & \frac{(n + 1) α F_{β}}{F_{α}} (σ_{0} b^{i} - β σ^{i}) + α \{\frac{(n + 1) α^{2} Ω F_{α α} b^{i} + β γ^{2} A y^{i}}{Ω^{2}}\} (ρ α^{2} - σ_{0} β) \\ - [\frac{α^{2} \{(n + 1) α^{2} Ω\} F_{β} F_{α α} b^{i} + B y^{i}}{F_{α} Ω^{2}}] (b^{2} σ_{0} - ρ β) . \end{aligned}

(25)

Therefore, we obtain the following result:

Theorem 2.

A Douglas space of second kind is conformally invariant if and only if $K_{m}^{i m} (x)$ are homogeneous polynomial in (yⁱ) of degree two.

5. Conformal change of Douglas space of second kind with special (α, β)-metric $F = α + ϵ β + k \frac{β^{t + 1}}{α^{t}}$

Consider a Finsler manifold with special (α, β)-metric defined as

F = α + ϵ β + k \frac{β^{t + 1}}{α^{t}},

Where, ϵ and k are constant.

Then we obtain

F_{α} = 1 - t k \frac{β^{t + 1}}{α^{t + 1}},

F_{β} = ϵ + k (t + 1) \frac{β^{t}}{α^{t}},

(26)

F_{α α} = t (t + 1) k \frac{β^{t + 1}}{α^{t + 2}}

F_{α α α} = \frac{- 6 k β^{2}}{α^{4}} .

Therefore, using Eqn (11), we obtain

Ω = \frac{- t (t + 2) k β^{t + 3} + [α^{t} β + b^{2} t (t + 1) α β^{t}] α β}{α^{t + 1}}

A = t (t + 1) k \frac{β^{t + 1}}{α^{t + 2}} [(1 - t) - 2 t (t + 2) k \frac{β^{t + 1}}{α^{t + 1}}]

(27)

B = \prod_{1} + \prod_{2} + \prod_{3}

Where,

\prod_{1} = - t (t + 1) (t + 2) k \frac{β^{t + 2}}{α^{t + 2}} [ϵ + k (t + 1) \frac{β^{t}}{α^{t}} - ϵ n k \frac{β^{t + 1}}{α^{t + 1}} - t (t + 1) k^{2} \frac{β^{2 t + 1}}{α^{2 t + 1}}] (b^{2} α^{2} - β^{2}),

\prod_{2} = t (t + 1) k \frac{β^{t + 2}}{α^{t + 2}} (ϵ + k (t + 1) \frac{β^{t}}{α^{t}}) [(3 - t (4 t + 7) \frac{β^{t + 1}}{α^{t + 1}}) b^{2} α^{2} + (t (t + 2) k \frac{β^{t + 1}}{α^{t + 1}} - 1) 4 β^{2}],

\begin{aligned} \prod_{3} = & t (t + 1) k \frac{β^{t + 2}}{α^{t + 2}} [(α β + ε β^{2}) + t (t + 1) \frac{β^{t}}{α^{t}} \{(b^{2} α^{2} + ε b^{2} α β - k β^{2} - ε k β^{3} α^{- 1}) \\ + \frac{β^{t + 1}}{α^{t + 1}} (b^{2} α^{2} - k^{2} β^{2})\}], \end{aligned}

Hence, using Eqn (26), $K_{m}^{i m}$ can be reduced as

\begin{aligned} 2 K_{m}^{i m} = & (n + 1) α [ϵ + k (t + 1) \frac{β^{t}}{α^{t}}] (σ_{0} b^{i} - β σ^{i}) + (α A_{1} + α A_{2}) (ρ α^{2} - σ_{0} β) \\ - [B_{0} + (B_{1} + B_{2} + B_{3}) y^{i} - C_{1}] (b^{2} σ_{0} - ρ β) . \end{aligned}

(28)

Where,

α A_{1} = \frac{(n + 1) t (t + 1) k α^{2} β^{t + 1}}{{α^{t + 1} β^{2} + b^{2} t (t + 1) α^{2} β^{t + 1}} - t (t + 2) k β^{t + 3}} b^{i},

α A_{2} = \frac{t (t + 1) k [(1 - t) α^{t + 1} - 2 t (t + 2) k β^{t + 2}] β^{t} γ^{2}}{{[{α^{t + 1} β + b^{2} t (t + 1) α^{2} β^{t}} - t (t + 2) k β^{t + 2}]}^{2}} y^{i}

B_{0} = \frac{(n + 1) t (t + 1) k α^{4} β^{t} (ε α^{t} + k (t + 1) β^{t})}{(α^{t + 1} - t k β^{t + 1}) [α^{t + 1} β + b^{2} t (t + 1) α^{2} β^{t} - t (t + 2) k β^{t + 2}]} b^{i}

B_{1} = \frac{- t (t + 1) (t + 2) k α^{2} β^{t + 2} (ϵ α^{2 t + 1} + k (t + 1) α^{t + 1} β^{t} - ε t k α^{t} β^{t + 1} - t (t + 1) k^{2} β^{2 t + 1})}{(α^{t + 1} - t k β^{t + 1}) {[α^{t + 1} β^{2} + b^{2} t (t + 1) α^{2} β^{t + 1} - t (t + 2) k β^{t + 3}]}^{2}} γ^{2},

\begin{aligned} B_{2} = & \frac{t (t + 1) (t + 2) k α^{2} β^{t + 2} (ε α^{t} + k (t + 1) β^{t})}{(α^{t + 1} - t k β^{t + 1}) {[α^{t + 1} β^{2} + b^{2} t (t + 1) α^{2} β^{t + 1} - t (t + 2) k β^{t + 3}]}^{2}} \\ [3 b^{2} α^{t + 3} - t (4 t + 7), k b^{2} α^{2} β^{t + 1} - 4 α^{t + 1} β^{2} + 4 t (t + 2) k β^{t + 3}] . \end{aligned}

\begin{aligned} B_{3} = & \frac{k t (t + 1) {(α β)}^{t + 2}}{(α^{t + 1} - t k β^{t + 1}) {[α^{t + 1} β^{2} + b^{2} t (t + 1) α^{2} β^{t + 1} - t (t + 2) k β^{t + 3}]}^{2}} \\ [α^{t + 2} β + ϵ α^{t + 1} β^{2} t (t + 1) (b^{2} α^{3} β^{t} - k α β^{t + 2}) + (t (t + 1) + ϵ b^{2}) α^{2} β^{t + 2} \\ - (t (t + 1) k ϵ + k^{2}) β^{t + 3}] \end{aligned}

C = \frac{- t (t + 1) k α^{2} β^{t + 1}}{[α^{t + 1} β^{2} + b^{2} t (t + 1) α^{2} β^{t + 1} - t (t + 2) k β^{t + 3}]} y^{i} .

Now, Eqn (28) can also be written as

2 K_{m}^{i m} = (n + 1) α [ε + k (t + 1) (α^{- 1} β)] (σ_{0} b^{i} - β σ^{i}) + p_{1} + p_{2} + p_{3} + p_{4} + p_{5} + p_{6} + p_{7} .

(29)

where,

p_{1} = α A_{1} (ρ α^{2} - σ_{0} β)

p_{2} = α A_{2} (ρ α^{2} - σ_{0} β)

p_{3} = - B_{0} (b^{2} σ_{0} - ρ β)

p_{4} = - B_{1} y^{i} (b^{2} σ_{0} - ρ β)

p_{5} = - B_{2} y^{i} (b^{2} σ_{0} - ρ β)

p_{6} = - B_{3} y^{i} (b^{2} σ_{0} - ρ β)

p_{7} = C (b^{2} σ_{0} - ρ β)

showing that $K_{m}^{i m}$ is homogeneous polynomial of degree 2 in yⁱ.

Theorem 3.

A Douglas space of second kind with special (α, β)-metric $F = α + ϵ β + k \frac{β^{t + 1}}{α^{t}}$ , where ϵ and k are constants, is conformally invariant.

With the help of Theorem 3 it can be proved that a Douglas space of second kind with a Finsler space of certain (α, β)-metric is conformally transformed to a Douglas space of second kind. In this way, one can have following possible cases;

Case(i). If ϵ = 1 and k = 0, we have F = α + β which is Randers metric. In case, $2 K_{m}^{i m}$ occupies the form
$2 K_{m}^{i m} = (n + 1) α (σ_{0} b^{i} - β σ^{i}),$
(30)
Which shows $K_{m}^{i m}$ is homogeneous polynomial in (yⁱ) of degree two.

Note that in this case, p₁ = p₂ = p₃ = p₄ = p₅ = p₆ = p₇ = 0.

Corollary 1.

A Douglas space of second kind with Randers metric F = α + β, is conformally invariant.

Case(ii). If ϵ = 0 and k = 1, we have $F = α + \frac{β^{t + 1}}{α^{t}}$ ⁠. In this case $2 K_{m}^{i m}$ obtains the form

2 K_{m}^{i m} = (n + 1) (t + 1) (α^{- 1} β) α (σ_{0} b^{i} - β σ^{i}) + q_{1} + q_{2} + q_{3} + q_{4} + q_{5} + q_{6} + q_{7},

(31)

Where,

q_{1} = \frac{(n + 1) t (t + 1) α^{2} β^{t + 1}}{α^{t + 1} β^{2} + b^{2} t (t + 1) α^{2} β^{t + 1} - t (t + 2) k β^{t + 3}} b^{i} (σ_{0} b^{i} - β σ^{i}),

q_{2} = \frac{t (t + 1) [(1 - t) α^{t + 1} - 2 t (t + 2) β^{t + 1}] β^{t} γ^{2}}{{[α^{t + 1} β + b^{2} t (t + 1) α^{2} β^{t} - t (t + 2) β^{t + 2}]}^{2}} (ρ α^{2} - σ_{0} β),

q_{3} = \frac{(n + 1) t {(t + 1)}^{2} α^{4} β^{2 t} b^{i}}{(α^{t + 1} - t β^{t + 1}) [α^{t + 1} β + b^{2} t (t + 1) α^{2} β^{t} - t (t + 2) β^{t + 2}]} (b^{2} σ_{0} - ρ β),

q_{4} = \frac{t {(t + 1)}^{2} (t + 2) α^{2} β^{2 t + 2} γ^{2}}{{[α^{t + 1} β^{2} + b^{2} t (t + 1) α^{2} β^{t + 1} - t (t + 2) β^{t + 3}]}^{2}} (b^{2} σ_{0} - ρ β),

q_{5} = \frac{- t {(t + 1)}^{2} α^{2} β^{2 t + 2} [3 b^{2} α^{t + 3} - t (4 t + 7) b^{2} α^{2} β^{t + 1} - 4 α^{2} β^{t + 1} + 4 t (t + 2) β^{t + 3}]}{(α^{t + 1} - t β^{t + 1}) {[α^{t + 1} β^{2} + b^{2} t (t + 1) α^{2} β^{t + 1} - t (t + 2) k β^{t + 3}]}^{2}} y^{i} (b^{2} σ_{0} - ρ β),

q_{6} = \frac{- t (t + 1) {(α β)}^{t + 2} [α^{t + 2} β + t (t + 1) {b^{2} α^{3} β^{t} + α^{2} β^{t + 1} - α β^{t + 2}} - β^{t + 3}]}{(α^{t + 1} - t β^{t + 1}) {[α^{t + 1} β^{2} + b^{2} t (t + 1) α^{2} β^{t + 1} - t (t + 2) k β^{t + 3}]}^{2}} y^{i} (b^{2} σ_{0} - ρ β),

q_{7} = \frac{t (t + 1) α^{2} β^{t + 1}}{α^{t + 1} β^{2} + b^{2} t (t + 1) α^{2} β^{t + 1} - t (t + 2) k β^{t + 3}} y^{i} (b^{2} σ_{0} - ρ β),

Showing that $K_{m}^{i m}$ is homogeneous polynomial in (yⁱ) of degree 2.

Thus, we can have following;

Corollary 2.

A Douglas space of second kind with special (α, β)-metric $F = α + \frac{β^{t + 1}}{α^{t}}$ is conformally transformed to a Douglas space of second kind.

Case(iii). If ϵ = 1 and k = 1, we obtain $F = α + β + \frac{β^{t + 1}}{α^{t}}$ ⁠. In the case, $2 K_{m}^{i m}$ occupies the form

2 K_{m}^{i m} = (n + 1) [1 + (t + 1) (α^{- 1} β)] α (σ_{0} b^{i} - β σ^{i}) + r_{1} + r_{2} + r_{3} + r_{4} + r_{5} + r_{6} + r_{7},

(32)

where,

r_{1} = \frac{(n + 1) t (t + 1) α^{2} β^{t + 1}}{α^{t + 1} β + b^{2} t (t + 1) α^{2} β^{t} - t (t + 2) β^{t + 2}} b^{i} (ρ α^{2} - σ_{0} β),

r_{2} = \frac{t (t + 1) [(1 - t) α^{t + 1} - 2 t (t + 2) β^{t + 1}] β^{t} γ^{2}}{{[α^{t + 1} β + b^{2} t (t + 1) α^{2} β^{t} - t (t + 2) β^{t + 2}]}^{2}} y^{i} (ρ α^{2} - σ_{0} β),

r_{3} = \frac{- (n + 1) t (t + 1) α^{4} β^{t} (α^{t} + (t + 1) β^{t}) b^{i}}{(α^{t + 1} - t β^{t + 1}) [α^{t + 1} β + b^{2} t (t + 1) α^{2} β^{t} - t (t + 2) β^{t + 2}]} (b^{2} σ_{0} - ρ β),

r_{4} = \frac{t (t + 1) (t + 2) α^{2} β^{t + 2} (α^{2 t + 1} + (t + 1) α^{t + 1} β^{t} - t α^{t} β^{t + 1} - t (t + 1) β^{2 t + 1}) γ^{2}}{(α^{t + 1} - t β^{t + 1}) {[α^{t + 1} β^{2} + b^{2} t (t + 1) α^{2} β^{t + 1} - t (t + 2) β^{t + 3}]}^{2}} y^{i} (b^{2} σ_{0} - ρ β),

\begin{aligned} r_{5} = & \frac{- t (t + 1) α^{2} β^{t + 2} (α^{t} + (t + 1) β^{t})}{(α^{t + 1} - t β^{t + 1}) {[α^{t + 1} β^{2} + b^{2} t (t + 1) α^{2} β^{t + 1} - t (t + 2) β^{t + 3}]}^{2}} [3 b^{2} α^{t + 3} - t (4 t + 7) b^{2} α^{2} β^{t + 1} \\ - 4 α^{t + 1} β^{2} + 4 t (t + 2) β^{t + 3}] y^{i} (b^{2} σ_{0} - ρ β), \end{aligned}

\begin{aligned} r_{6} = & \frac{t (t + 1) {(α β)}^{t + 2}}{(α^{t + 1} - t β^{t + 1}) {[α^{t + 1} β^{2} + b^{2} t (t + 1) α^{2} β^{t + 1} - t (t + 2) β^{t + 3}]}^{2}} [α^{t + 2} β + α^{t + 1} β^{2} \\ + t (t + 1) (b^{2} α^{3} β^{t} - α β^{t + 2}) + (t^{2} + 1 + b^{2}) α^{2} β^{t + 1} - (t^{2} + t + 1) β^{t + 3}] y^{i} (b^{2} σ_{0} - ρ β), \end{aligned}

r_{7} = \frac{- t (t + 1) α^{2} β^{t}}{α^{t + 1} β + b^{2} t (t + 1) α^{2} β^{t} - t (t + 2) β^{t + 2}} y^{i} (b^{2} σ_{0} - ρ β) .

Showing that $K_{m}^{i m}$ is a homogeneous polynomial in (yⁱ) of degree 2.

Thus, we obtain the following;

Corollary 3.

A Douglas space of second kind with special (α, β)-metric $F = α + β + \frac{β^{t + 1}}{α^{t}}$ is conformally invariant.

Case(iv). If ϵ = 1, k = 1 and t = 1, we obtain $F = α + β + \frac{β^{2}}{α}$ ⁠. Then, $2 K_{m}^{i m}$ reduces in the form

2 K_{m}^{i m} = (n + 1) [1 + 2 (α^{- 1} β)] α (σ_{0} b^{i} - β σ^{i}) + u_{1} + u_{2} + u_{3} + u_{4} + u_{5} + u_{6} + u_{7},

(33)

Where,

u_{1} = \frac{2 (n + 1) α^{2} β}{(1 + 2 b^{2}) α^{2} - 3 β^{2}} b^{i} (ρ α^{2} - σ_{0} β),

u_{2} = \frac{12 β γ^{2}}{{[(1 + 2 b^{2}) α^{2} - 3 β^{2}]}^{2}} y^{i} (ρ α^{2} - σ_{0} β),

u_{3} = \frac{- 2 (n + 1) α^{4} (α + 2 β)}{(α^{2} - β^{2}) [(1 + 2 b^{2}) α^{2} - 3 β^{2}]} b^{i} (b^{2} σ_{0} - ρ β),

u_{4} = \frac{6 α^{2} (α^{3} + 2 α^{2} β - α β^{2} - 2 β^{3}) γ^{2}}{β (α^{2} - β^{2}) {[(1 + 2 b^{2}) α^{2} - 3 β^{2}]}^{2}} y^{i} (b^{2} σ_{0} - ρ β),

\begin{aligned} u_{5} = & \frac{- 2 α^{2} (α + 2 β)}{β (α^{2} - β^{2}) {[(1 + 2 b^{2}) α^{2} - 3 β^{2}]}^{2}} [3 b^{2} α^{4} - (11 b^{2} + 4) α^{2} β^{2} \\ + 12 β^{4}] y^{i} (b^{2} σ_{0} - ρ β), \end{aligned}

\begin{aligned} u_{6} = & \frac{2 α^{3}}{(α^{2} - β^{2}) {[(1 + 2 b^{2}) α^{2} - 3 β^{2}]}^{2}} [(1 + 2 b^{2}) α^{3} + (3 + b^{2}) α^{2} β \\ - α β^{2} - 3 β^{3}] y^{i} (b^{2} σ_{0} - ρ β), \end{aligned}

u_{7} = \frac{- 2 α^{2}}{(1 + 2 b^{2}) α^{2} - 3 β^{2}} y^{i} (b^{2} σ_{0} - ρ β) .

Showing that $K_{m}^{i m}$ is a homogeneous polynomial in (yⁱ) of degree 2.

Thus, we can have the following;

Corollary 4.

A Douglas space of second kind with first approximate Matsumoto metric $F = α + β + \frac{β^{2}}{α}$ is invariant under conformal change.

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Conformal transformation of Douglas space of second kind with special (α, β)-metric

1. Introduction

2. Preliminaries

3. Douglas space of second kind with (α, β)-metric

4. Conformal change of Douglas space of second kind with (α, β)-metric

5. Conformal change of Douglas space of second kind with special (α, β)-metric $F = α + ϵ β + k \frac{β^{t + 1}}{α^{t}}$

References

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Conformal transformation of Douglas space of second kind with special (α, β)-metric Open Access

1. Introduction

2. Preliminaries

3. Douglas space of second kind with (α, β)-metric

4. Conformal change of Douglas space of second kind with (α, β)-metric

5. Conformal change of Douglas space of second kind with special (α, β)-metric F=α+ϵβ+kβt+1αt

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Conformal transformation of Douglas space of second kind with special (α, β)-metric

5. Conformal change of Douglas space of second kind with special (α, β)-metric $F = α + ϵ β + k \frac{β^{t + 1}}{α^{t}}$