L2-convergence of Yosida approximation for semi-linear backward stochastic differential equation with jumps in infinite dimension

Abidi, Hani; Amami, Rim; Pettersson, Roger; Trabelsi, Chiraz

doi:10.1108/AJMS-09-2023-0024

Purpose

The main motivation of this paper is to present the Yosida approximation of a semi-linear backward stochastic differential equation in infinite dimension. Under suitable assumption and condition, an L²-convergence rate is established.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors establish a result concerning the L²-convergence rate of the solution of backward stochastic differential equation with jumps with respect to the Yosida approximation.

Findings

The authors carry out a convergence rate of Yosida approximation to the semi-linear backward stochastic differential equation in infinite dimension.

Originality/value

In this paper, the authors present the Yosida approximation of a semi-linear backward stochastic differential equation in infinite dimension. Under suitable assumption and condition, an L²-convergence rate is established.

1. Introduction

Backward stochastic differential equation (BSDE) was performed first by Pardoux and Peng [1] who proved the existence and uniqueness of adapted solutions, under suitable square-integrability assumptions, on the coefficients and on the terminal condition. Later, several authors have been attracted to this area and have provided many applications such as in stochastic games and optimal control [2–4], partial differential equations [5] and numerical approximation [6].

The main motivation of this paper is to carry out a convergence rate of the Yosida approximation to the semi-linear backward stochastic differential equation with jumps in infinite dimension. More precisely, let H be a separable Hilbert space with inner product ⟨,⟩_H and H* its dual space. Let V be a uniformly convex Banach space, such that V ⊂ H continuously and densely. For its dual space V*, it follows that H* ⊂ V* continuously and densely. Then by the identification of H and H* via the Riesz isomorphism, we get

V \subset H \subset V^{*} .

(1)

(V, H, V*) is called a Gelfand triple.

Following [7], we introduce A which is a linear bounded operator such that A: D(A) = V → V*, where D(A) = {v ∈ V, Av ∈ H}. Using [8], we introduce the Yosida approximation A_λ, λ > 0 of A defined as

A_{λ} x ≔ \frac{1}{λ} J (x - J_{λ} x),

(2)

where J: V → V* is the duality mapping defined by Definition 2.1, and J_λ: V → V is the resolvent of the operator A is defined by

J_{λ} x ≔ {(J + λ A)}^{- 1} J x .

(3)

This Yosida approximation is used to approximate the following semi-linear backward stochastic differential equation in infinite dimension:

\{\begin{matrix} d Y_{t} & = A Y_{t} d t + f (t, Y_{t}, Z_{t}, Q_{t}) d t + Z_{t} d W_{t} + \int_{E} Q_{t} (x) \tilde{N} (d t, d x) \\ Y_{T} & = X \in H . \end{matrix}

(4)

where W is a cylindrical Wiener process, and $\tilde{N}$ is the compensated Poisson random measure. Using the following family of approximating equations:

\{\begin{matrix} d Y_{t}^{λ} & = A_{λ} Y_{t}^{λ} d t + f (t, Y_{t}^{λ}, Z_{t}^{λ}, Q_{t}^{λ}) d t + Z_{t}^{λ} d W_{t} + \int_{E} Q_{t}^{λ} (x) \tilde{N} (d t, d x) \\ Y_{T} & = X \in H, \end{matrix}

where λ > 0, and and A_λ is the Yosida approximation, we establish the existence and uniqueness of the solution of (4).

Many authors have been devoted to the case of BSDE in infinite dimensional spaces such as [9–11].

Hu and Peng [10] proved the existence and the uniqueness of the solution (Y, Z) of this semi-linear backward stochastic evolution equations. This kind of equation appears in many topics as those by Bensoussan [12, 13] and Hu and Peng [14] for the case with no jumps who have studied the maximum principles for stochastic control systems in infinite dimensional spaces and the theory of optimal control and controllability for stochastic partial differential equations.

Existence and uniqueness of a strong solution of (4) was obtained in Ref. [7] by considering a special case of a backward stochastic evolution equation for Hilbert space valued processes. This, in turn, is studied by taking finite dimensional projections and then taking the limit. This is the Galerkin approximation method which has been used by several authors (See, e.g. Ref. [15]).

Yosida approximations of stochastic differential equations in infinite dimension have been studied in Refs. [16–20]. The authors consider Yosida approximations of various classes of stochastic differential equations with Poisson jumps.

The authors in Ref. [21] prove the existence and uniqueness of a solution for a class of backward stochastic differential equations driven by a geometric Brownian motion with a sub-differential operator by means of the Moreau-Yosida approximation method (see Ref. [22] for this used method). Using approximation tools, the authors provide a probabilistic interpretation for the viscosity solutions of a kind of non-linear variational inequalities.

In the same area, the authors in Ref. [23] deal with a class of mean-field backward stochastic differential equations, with sub-differential operator corresponding to a lower semi-continuous convex function. Using Yosida approximation tools, the authors establish the existence and uniqueness of the solution. As an application, they give a probability interpretation for the viscosity solutions of a class of non-local parabolic variational inequalities.

The authors in Ref. [24] propose and analyze multivalued stochastic differential equations (MSDEs) with maximal monotonous operators driven by semimartingales with jumps. They introduce some methods of approximation of solutions of MSDEs based on discretization of processes and Yosida approximation of the monotonous operator. Their paper studies the general problem of stability of solutions of MSDEs with respect to the convergence of driving semimartingales.

Bahlali et al. [25] deal with reflected backward stochastic differential equation (RBSDE) with both monotone and locally monotone coefficient and squared integrable terminal data. Existence and uniqueness of the solution are established with a polynomial growth condition on the coefficient and using Yosida approximation tools. An application to the homogenization of multivalued partial differential equations is given by the authors.The aim of our paper differs from the one proposed in Ref. [26], as it concentrates on BSDEs instead of SDEs. Additionally, it differs from the approach described in Ref. [7] by integrating the idea of L²-convergence of Yosida approximation. This integration offers a possible technique for solving multivalued differential equations.

This paper is composed of four sections. Section 2 introduces some notations, the Yosida approximation approach and preliminaries results. Section 3 establishes a result concerning the L²-convergence rate of the solution of backward stochastic differential equation with jumps with respect to the Yosida approximation. In Section 4, we carry out a convergence rate of the Yosida approximation to the semi-linear backward stochastic differential equation in infinite dimension.

2. Preliminaries and notations

Let $(Ω, F, P)$ be a probability space with filtration ${(F_{t})}_{t \in [0, T]} \in F$ ⁠. Let Ξ, H be two separable Hilbert spaces, and H* be the dual space of H. Let V be a Banach space dense in H. Let us assume that V is uniformly convex with uniformly convex dual V*. It follows that H* ⊂ V* continuously and densely. Then, by the identification of H and H* via the Riesz isomorphism, we get

V \subset H \subset V^{*} .

The Milman-Pettis theorem (see, e.g. Yosida [[27], p. 127]) states that every uniformly convex Banach space is reflexive. So, V is a reflexive Banach space.

Following [28], we introduce a cylindrical Wiener process in Ξ as a family (W(t), t ≥ 0), of linear applications Ξ → L²(Ω) such that:

For every h ∈ Ξ, {W(t)h, t ≥ 0} is a real (continuous) Wiener process,
For every h, k ∈ Ξ and t, s ≥ 0, E(W(t)h, W(t)k) = (t ∧ s)(h,k)_Ξ.

Let $(E, B (E))$ be a measurable space, where E is a topological vector space. Furthermore, let ξ(t) be a Lévy process on E and be denoted by ν(dx), the Lévy measure of ξ. Denote by L²(ν) the L²-space of square integrable H − valued measurable functions associated with ν.

Set p(t) = Δξ(t) = ξ(t) − ξ(t − ). Then p = {p(t), t ∈ D_p} is a stationary Poisson point process on E with characteristic measure ν. Denote by N(dt, dx) the Poisson counting measure associated with the Lévy process, $N (t, A) = \sum_{s \in D_{p} s \leq t} I_{A} (p (s))$ ⁠. Denote by $\tilde{N} (d t, d x) = N (d t, d x) - d t ν (d x)$ the compensated Poisson random measure. The filtration is defined as follows

(F_{t} = σ (W_{s}, N (s, A), A \in B (E), s \leq t), t \geq 0) .

We denote by $P$ the predictable σ − field on Ω × [0, T]. Introduce now the following spaces:

L²(0, T, H): the set of all $F_{t} -$ progressively measurable processes takes its values in H, such that

‖ x ‖ = {(E \int_{0}^{T} | x (t) |^{2} d t)}^{\frac{1}{2}} < \infty .

L₂(Ξ, H): the set of the Hilbert-Schmidt operators from Ξ to H, that is,

L_{2} (Ξ, H) = \{ψ \in L (Ξ, H) | \sum_{i = 1}^{\infty} | ψ e_{n} |_{H}^{2} < \infty\}

where ${e_{n}}_{n = 1}^{\infty}$ is an orthonormal basis on Ξ. The set L₂(Ξ, H) is a Hilbert space.

L²(ν): L² − space of square integrable H − valued measurable functions Q: H → H associated with ν, that is,

| Q |_{L^{2} (ν)}^{2} = \int_{0}^{t} | Q_{s} |_{H}^{2} d ν (s) < \infty .

Moreover, beside the same hypotheses on the cylindrical Wiener process, we have:

A positive number T > 0;
A map f: [0, T] ×Ω × V × L₂(Ξ, H) × L₂(ν) → H.
A final data $X \in L^{2} (Ω, F_{T}, H)$ ⁠.
A bounded linear operator A: D(A) = V → V*, where D(A) = {v ∈ V, Av ∈ H}. We assume that the operator A is monotone, meaning:

{}_{V}{〈 v, A v 〉}_{V *} \geq 0, \forall v \in D (A) .

(5)

Now, we assume the following useful hypothesis denoted by Hyp.1:

f is measurable from $P \times B (H) \times B (L_{2} (Ξ, H) \times L_{2} (ν))$ to $B (H)$ and $E \int_{0}^{T} | f (s, 0,0,0) |_{H}^{2} d s < + \infty$ ⁠.
There exists a constant C > 0, such that P almost surely for almost every t ∈ [0, T], the following holds for all Y¹, Y² ∈ H, Z¹, Z² ∈ L₂(Ξ, H) and Q¹, Q² ∈ L₂(ν):

| f (t, Y_{t}^{1}, Z_{t}^{1}, Q_{t}^{1}) - f (t, Y_{t}^{2}, Z_{t}^{2}, Q_{t}^{2}) |_{H} \leq C (| Y_{t}^{1} - Y_{t}^{2} |_{H} + ‖ Z_{t}^{1} - Z_{t}^{2} ‖_{L_{2} (Ξ, H)} + ‖ Q_{t}^{1} - Q_{t}^{2} ‖_{L_{ν}^{2}}) .

In most cases, the duality mapping defined here is multivalued.

Definition 2.1.

The duality mapping J: V → V* is defined by:

J (x) = {x^{*} \in V^{*} | x^{*} (y) ≔ {〈 x, y 〉}_{H}}, \forall y \in V .

(6)

Under hypotheses of V and V*, we get the following result:

Theorem 2.2.

[20] Let V be a Banach space. If V* is strictly convex, then the duality mapping J: V → V* is single-valued.

For the detailed proof, see Theorem 1.2 in Ref. [8].

Definition 2.3.

The inverse mapping J⁻¹: V* → V is defined by:

J^{- 1} (x^{*}) = {y \in V s u c h t h a t {〈 z, y 〉}_{H} = {〈 z, x 〉}_{H}}, \forall z \in V .

(7)

The inverse mapping J⁻¹: V* → V is single-valued. For the proof, see [[29], Proposition 32.22] and [[20], Proposition 3.13.].

We will now provide an approximation of the operator A, as mentioned in Ref. [8].

Definition 2.4.

For every x ∈ V and λ > 0, the Yosida approximation of A is defined by the operator A_λ: V → V* as

A_{λ} x ≔ \frac{1}{λ} J (x - J_{λ} x),

(8)

where the resolvent J_λ: V → V of the operator A is defined by J_λx = x_λ, with x_λ as a unique solution to the equation:

0 = J (x_{λ} - x) + λ A x_{λ} .

(9)

The uniqueness of x_λ was proved by [20] [Proposition 3.17. p. 36]. According to [8] [Proposition 1.3], A_λ is single-valued, monotone, bounded on bounded subsets and semi-continuous from V to V*. The resolvent can be written as

J_{λ} x ≔ {(J + λ A)}^{- 1} J x .

(10)

Lemma 2.5.

Equation (8) can be reformulated as:

A_{λ} (x) = {(A^{- 1} + λ J^{- 1})}^{- 1} x, x \in V .

(11)

Proof. Let x ∈ V and J_λ(x) be the resolvents of the operator A defined by equation (10). By the definition of the Yosida approximation and the homogeneity of J⁻¹ (see Ref. [20]), Equation (8) can be written as

J_{λ} (x) = x - λ J^{- 1} (A_{λ} (x)) .

Using the fact that A_λ(x) = A(J_λ(x)) for all x ∈ V ([[20], Proposition 3.19]) and inserting this into the resolvent equation (9), we obtain A_λ(x) = A(x − λJ⁻¹(A_λ(x))) or equivalently, x = (A⁻¹ + λJ⁻¹)(A_λ(x)). Since A_λ is single-valued, we conclude (11).

3. Yosida approximation

Let H be a separable Hilbert space and V a Banach space such that the space V ⊂ H is reflexive and dense in H. We identify H with its dual space H*, and V with its dual space V*. Then, we get

V \subset H \subset V^{*}

We denote by |⋅|_V, |⋅|_V*, |⋅|_H, the norms in V, V* and H, respectively, and by ⟨, ⟩ the duality product between V and V*. We introduce the following application:

A : Ω \to L (V, V^{*}),

which verifies the following coercivity condition (L1):

There exist c₁ ≥ 0, $c_{2} \in R$ such that for all v ∈ V, t ∈ [0, T], we have

(L 1) 2_{V^{*}} {〈 A v, v 〉}_{V} + c_{1} | v |_{H}^{2} \geq c_{2} | v |_{V}^{2} .

In this section, we are interested in the Yosida approximation of the following semi-linear backward stochastic differential equation in infinite dimension:

\{\begin{matrix} d Y_{t} & = A Y_{t} d t + f (t, Y_{t}, Z_{t}, Q_{t}) d t + Z_{t} d W_{t} + \int_{E} Q_{t} (x) \tilde{N} (d t, d x) \\ Y_{T} & = X \in H . \end{matrix}

(12)

Let us consider the family of approximating equations of (12)

\{\begin{matrix} d Y_{t}^{λ} & = A_{λ} Y_{t}^{λ} d t + f (t, Y_{t}^{λ}, Z_{t}^{λ}, Q_{t}^{λ}) d t + Z_{t}^{λ} d W_{t} + \int_{E} Q_{t}^{λ} (x) \tilde{N} (d t, d x), λ > 0 \\ Y_{T} & = X \in H . \end{matrix}

(13)

Remark 3.1.

Note that, for all λ > 0, the operator A_λ being linear and bounded [[8], Proposition 2.2], it is checked by the standard Picard−Lindelof iteration methods [7] that the triplet (Y^λ, Z^λ, Q^λ) is a classical solution of (13), and it verifies for all t ∈ [0, T], that

Y_{t}^{λ} = X - \int_{t}^{T} (A_{λ} Y_{u}^{λ} + f (u, Y_{u}^{λ}, Z_{u}^{λ}, Q_{u}^{λ})) d u - \int_{t}^{T} Z_{u}^{λ} d W_{u} - \int_{t}^{T} \int_{E} Q_{u}^{λ} (x) \tilde{N} (d u, d x) .

(14)

The following result establishes the existence and the uniqueness of the solution of (12).

Theorem 3.2.

[[7], Theorem 4.1] Assume that $X \in L^{2} (Ω, F_{T}, H)$ ⁠. Under Hypothesis Hyp.1 and Condition (L1), equation (12) has a unique progressively measurable process solution (Y, Z, Q) ∈ H × L₂(Ξ, H) × L²(ν) such that:

$E [\int_{0}^{T} | Y_{t} |_{H}^{2} d t] < \infty$ , $E [\int_{0}^{T} | Z_{t} |_{L_{2} (Ξ, H)}^{2} d t] < \infty$ , $E [\int_{0}^{T} | Q_{t} |_{L^{2} (ν)}^{2} d t] < \infty$ ⁠.
$Y_{t} = X - \int_{t}^{T} (A Y_{s} + f (s, Y_{s}, Z_{s}, Q_{s})) d s - \int_{t}^{T} Z_{s} d W_{s} - \int_{t}^{T} \int_{E} Q_{s} (x) \tilde{N} (d s, d x)$ ⁠.

The following results will be used to prove our main result about the L² convergence rate.

Remark 3.3.

The coercivity condition (L1) of the operator A is transferred to its Yosida approximation A_λ, which follows directly from [[17], Lemma 3.10] and [[17], Proof of Proposition 5.1]. There exist ${\tilde{c}}_{1} \geq 0$ ⁠, ${\tilde{c}}_{2} > 0$ such that for all v ∈ V, t ∈ [0, T]

2_{V} * {〈 A v, v 〉}_{V} + {\tilde{c}}_{1} | v |_{H}^{2} \geq {\tilde{c}}_{2} | v |_{V}^{2} .

Lemma 3.4.

Under Conditions (L1), and Hyp.1, there exists C > 0, such that for all λ > 0, we have

\sup_{t \in [0, T]} E [| Y_{t}^{λ} |_{H}^{2}] + \int_{t}^{T} E ‖ Z_{s}^{λ} ‖_{L_{2} (Ξ, H)}^{2} d s + \int_{t}^{T} E [| Y_{t}^{λ} |_{V}^{2}] d s + \int_{t}^{T} E | Q_{s}^{λ} |_{L^{2} (ν)}^{2} d s \leq C .

(15)

Proof. For fixed λ > 0, we can apply the Itô formula to $| Y_{t}^{λ} |_{H}^{2}$ and we obtain:

\begin{matrix} E {| Y_{t}^{λ} |}_{H}^{2} + \int_{t}^{T} E {‖ Z_{s}^{λ} ‖}_{L_{2} (Ξ, H)}^{2} d s + \int_{t}^{T} E | Q_{s}^{λ} |_{L^{2} (ν)}^{2} d s & \leq & E Y_{T} |_{H}^{2} - 2 \int_{t}^{T} E_{V *} {〈 A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ}, Y_{s}^{λ} 〉}_{V} d s \\ - & 2 \int_{t}^{T} E {〈 f (s, Y_{s}^{λ}, Z_{s}^{λ}, Q_{s}^{λ}), Y_{s}^{λ} 〉}_{H} d s . \end{matrix}

Then, by using the coercivity condition (L1) of A_λ and Cauchy-Schwartz inequality for α₁ > 0, we get

E | Y_{t}^{λ} |_{H}^{2} + E \int_{t}^{T} ‖ Z_{s}^{λ} ‖_{L_{2} (Ξ, H)}^{2} d s + \int_{t}^{T} E | Q_{s}^{λ} |_{L^{2} (ν)}^{2} d s \leq E | Y_{T}^{2} |_{H} + \frac{1}{α_{1}} \int_{t}^{T} E | f (s, Y_{s}^{λ}, Z_{s}^{λ}, Q_{s}^{λ}) |_{H}^{2} d s + α_{1} \int_{t}^{T} E (| Y_{s}^{λ} |_{H}^{2}) d s + \int_{t}^{T} [- {\tilde{c}}_{2} E | Y_{s}^{λ} |_{V}^{2} + {\tilde{c}}_{1} E | Y_{s}^{λ} |_{H}^{2}] d s .

Then, by using Hyp.1, we obtain:

E | Y_{t}^{λ} |_{H}^{2} + \int_{t}^{T} E ‖ Z_{s}^{λ} ‖_{L_{2} (Ξ, H)}^{2} d s + \int_{t}^{T} E | Q_{s}^{λ} |_{L^{2} (ν)}^{2} d s \leq E | Y_{T} |_{H}^{2} + \frac{C}{α_{1}} \int_{t}^{T} E (| Y_{s}^{λ} |_{H}^{2} + | Z_{s}^{λ} |_{L_{2} (Ξ, H)}^{2} + | Q_{s}^{λ} |_{L_{2} (ν)}^{2}) d s + \int_{t}^{T} E [- {\tilde{c}}_{2} ‖ Y_{s}^{λ} ‖_{V}^{2} + {\tilde{c}}_{1} | Y_{s}^{λ} |_{H}^{2}] d s + \frac{C}{α_{1}} \int_{t}^{T} E | f (s, 0,0,0) |_{H}^{2} d s + α_{1} \int_{t}^{T} E | Y_{s}^{λ} |_{H}^{2} d s .

Therefore, for α₁ large enough, we obtain:

E | Y_{t}^{λ} |_{H}^{2} + (1 - \frac{C}{α_{1}}) \int_{t}^{T} E ‖ Z_{s}^{λ} ‖_{L_{2} (Ξ, H)}^{2} d s + {\tilde{c}}_{2} \int_{t}^{T} E | Y_{s}^{λ} |_{V}^{2} d s + \int_{t}^{T} E | Q_{s}^{λ} |_{L^{2} (ν)}^{2} d s \leq E | Y_{T} |_{H}^{2} + C_{3} \int_{t}^{T} E | Y_{s}^{λ} |_{H}^{2} d s + C_{3} \int_{t}^{T} [f {(s, 0,0,0)}^{2}] d s

where

C_{3} = α_{1} + \frac{C}{α_{1}}

is independent of λ. By the Gronwall lemma, we finally obtain the expression .

The following remark plays a fundamental role in the convergence rate of Yosida approximation.

Remark 3.5.

According to [[8], proposition 2.2], A_λ verifies the boundedness condition

‖ A_{λ} x ‖_{V} * \leq ‖ A x ‖_{V} *,

for all x ∈ D(A) on [0, T] and by using the fact that D(A) = V and we get

‖ A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ} ‖_{V^{*}}^{2} \leq C ‖ Y_{s}^{λ} ‖^{2} .

under Condition (L1) and Hyp.1, we then obtain by applying lemma 3.4:

{lim sup}_{λ \to 0} \int_{t}^{T} E [| A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ} |_{V^{*}}^{2}] d s < \infty .

(16)

4. Convergence of Yosida approximation

In this section, we prove a convergence rate of Yosida approximation to the following semi-linear backward stochastic differential equation in infinite dimension:

\{\begin{matrix} d Y_{t} & = A Y_{t} d t + f (t, Y_{t}, Z_{t}, Q_{t}) d t + Z_{t} d W_{t} + \int_{E} Q_{t} (x) \tilde{N} (d t, d x) \\ Y_{T} & = X \in H . \end{matrix}

(17)

Proposition 4.1.

Let Y^λ be the solution to the backward stochastic differential equation (12), and assume that Hyp.1 holds. Let λ, μ > 0, then there exists D > 0, such that:

\sup_{t \in [0, T]} E | Y^{λ} - Y^{μ} |_{H}^{2} + \int_{t}^{T} E ‖ Z_{s}^{λ} - Z_{s}^{μ} ‖_{L_{2} (Ξ, H)}^{2} d s + \int_{t}^{T} E | Q_{s}^{λ} - Q_{s}^{μ} |_{L^{2} (ν)}^{2} d s \leq D (λ + μ) .

Proof. Let us denote by $Y_{t}^{λ}$ and $Y_{t}^{μ}$ two Yosida approximation to

\{\begin{matrix} d Y_{t} & = A Y_{t} d t + f (t, Y_{t}, Z_{t}, Q_{t}) d t + Z_{t} d W_{t} + \int_{E} Q_{t} (x) \tilde{N} (d t, d x) \\ Y_{T} & = X \in H . \end{matrix}

(18)

by Itô formula, then the expectation, we get

E | Y_{t}^{λ} - Y_{t}^{μ} |_{H}^{2} + \int_{t}^{T} E ‖ Z_{s}^{λ} - Z_{s}^{μ} ‖_{L_{2} (Ξ, H)}^{2} d s + \int_{t}^{T} E | Q_{s}^{λ} - Q_{s}^{μ} |_{L^{2} (ν)}^{2} d s = - 2 \int_{t}^{T} E_{V} {〈 Y_{s}^{λ} - Y_{s}^{μ}, (A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ} - A_{μ} Y_{s}^{μ}) 〉}_{V} * d s - 2 \int_{t}^{T} E {〈 Y_{s}^{λ} - Y_{s}^{μ}, f (t, Y_{s}^{λ}, Z_{s}^{λ}, Q_{s}^{λ}) - f (t, Y_{s}^{μ}, Z_{s}^{μ}, Q_{s}^{μ}) 〉}_{H} d s .

By definition of A_λ and the bijectivity of J_λ, we have I = J_λ + J⁻¹(λA_λ). Hence:

_{V} {〈 Y_{s}^{λ} - Y_{s}^{μ}, A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ} - A_{μ} Y_{s}^{μ} 〉}_{V *} =_{V} {〈 (J_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ} + λ J^{- 1} A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ}) - (J_{μ} Y_{s}^{μ} + μ J^{- 1} A_{μ} Y_{s}^{μ}), (A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ} - A_{μ} Y_{s}^{μ}) 〉}_{V *} = {}_{V}{〈 (J_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ} - J_{μ} Y_{s}^{μ}, (A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ} - A_{μ} Y_{s}^{μ}) 〉}_{V^{*}} + {}_{V}{〈 J^{- 1} (λ A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ}) - J^{- 1} (μ A_{μ} Y_{s}^{μ}), (A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ} - A_{μ} Y_{s}^{μ}) 〉}_{V^{*}} .

So by using Lemma 2.5, we obtain A_λ = AJ_λ and A_μ = AJ_μ. Then the monotonicity of A (5) and the fact that J⁻¹ is the duality map from V* to V** = V, the first aforementioned term is positive, so we get

-_{V} {〈 Y_{s}^{λ} - Y_{s}^{μ}, A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ} - A_{μ} Y_{s}^{μ} 〉}_{V^{*}} \leq - {}_{V}{〈 J^{- 1} (λ A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ}) - J^{- 1} (μ A_{μ} Y_{s}^{μ}), (A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ} - A_{μ} Y_{s}^{μ}) 〉}_{V^{*}}

= - \frac{1}{λ} {}_{V}{〈 J^{- 1} (λ A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ}), λ A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ} 〉}_{V^{*}} - \frac{1}{μ} {}_{V}{〈 J^{- 1} (μ A_{μ} Y_{s}^{μ}), μ A_{μ} Y_{s}^{μ} 〉}_{V^{*}}

+ {}_{V}{〈 J^{- 1} (λ A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ}), A_{μ} Y_{s}^{μ} 〉}_{V^{*}} + {}_{V}{〈 J^{- 1} (μ A_{μ} Y_{s}^{μ}), A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ} 〉}_{V^{*}}

\leq - λ {| A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ} |}_{V^{*}}^{2} - μ {| A_{μ} Y_{s}^{μ} |}_{V^{*}}^{2} + μ {| A_{μ} Y_{s}^{μ} |}_{V^{*}} | A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ} |_{V^{*}} + λ {| A_{μ} Y_{s}^{μ} |}_{V^{*}} {| A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ} |}_{V^{*}} \leq \frac{λ + μ}{2} (| A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ} |_{V^{*}}^{2} + | A_{μ} Y_{s}^{μ} |_{V^{*}}^{2}),

where we have used the elementary inequality 2ab ≤ a² + b². Here, by applying the expectation and Lipschitz condition Hyp.1 of f, we get

E | Y_{t}^{λ} - Y_{t}^{μ} |_{H}^{2} + \int_{t}^{T} ‖ Z_{s}^{λ} - Z_{s}^{μ} ‖_{L_{2} (Ξ, H)}^{2} d s + \int_{t}^{T} E | Q_{s}^{λ} - Q_{s}^{μ} |_{L^{2} (ν)}^{2} d s \leq \frac{λ + μ}{2} [\int_{t}^{T} E | A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ} |_{V^{*}}^{2} d s + \int_{t}^{T} E | A_{μ} Y_{s}^{μ} |_{V^{*}}^{2} d s] - 2 \int_{t}^{T} {〈 Y_{s}^{λ} - Y_{s}^{μ}, f (t, Y_{s}^{λ}, Z_{s}^{λ}, Q_{s}^{λ}) - f (t, Y_{s}^{μ}, Z_{s}^{μ}, Q_{s}^{μ}) 〉}_{H} d s \leq α \int_{t}^{T} E | Y_{s}^{λ} - Y_{s}^{μ} |_{H}^{2} d s + \frac{1}{α} \int_{t}^{T} E {[f (t, Y_{s}^{λ}, Z_{s}^{λ}, Q_{s}^{μ}) - f (t, Y_{s}^{μ}, Z_{s}^{μ}, Q_{s}^{μ})]}_{H}^{2} d s + \frac{λ + μ}{2} [\int_{t}^{T} E | A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ} |_{V^{*}}^{2} d s + \int_{t}^{T} E | A_{μ} Y_{s}^{μ} |_{V^{*}}^{2} d s] \leq α \int_{t}^{T} E | Y_{s}^{λ} - Y_{s}^{μ} |_{H}^{2} d s + \frac{C}{α} \int_{t}^{T} E [| Y_{s}^{λ} - Y_{s}^{μ} |_{H}^{2} + | Z_{s}^{λ} - Z_{s}^{μ} |_{L_{2} (Ξ, H)}^{2} + | Q_{s}^{λ} - Q_{s}^{μ} |_{L_{2} (ν)}^{2}] d s + \frac{λ + μ}{2} [\int_{t}^{T} E | A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ} |_{V^{*}}^{2} d s + \int_{t}^{T} E | A_{μ} Y_{s}^{μ} |_{V^{*}}^{2} d s] \leq (α + \frac{C}{α}) \int_{t}^{T} E | Y_{s}^{λ} - Y_{s}^{μ} |_{H}^{2} d s + \frac{C}{α} \int_{t}^{T} E [| Z_{s}^{λ} - Z_{s}^{μ} |_{L_{2} (Ξ, H)}^{2} + | Q_{s}^{λ} - Q_{s}^{μ} |_{L_{2} (ν)}^{2}] d s + \frac{λ + μ}{2} [\int_{t}^{T} E | A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ} |_{V^{*}}^{2} d s + \int_{t}^{T} E | A_{μ} Y_{s}^{μ} |_{V^{*}}^{2} d s] .

Then, we obtain

E | Y_{t}^{λ} - Y_{t}^{μ} |_{H}^{2} \leq E | Y_{t}^{λ} - Y_{t}^{μ} |_{H}^{2} + \int_{t}^{T} E ‖ Z_{s}^{λ} - Z_{s}^{μ} ‖_{L_{2} (Ξ, H)}^{2} d s + \int_{t}^{T} E {| Q_{s}^{λ} - Q_{s}^{μ} |}_{L^{2} (ν)}^{2} d s \leq (α + \frac{C}{α}) \int_{t}^{T} E | Y_{s}^{λ} - Y_{s}^{μ} |_{H}^{2} d s + B_{λ, μ},

(19)

where

B_{λ, μ} = \frac{C}{α} \int_{t}^{T} E [| Z_{s}^{λ} - Z_{s}^{μ} |_{L_{2} (Ξ, H)}^{2} + | Q_{s}^{λ} - Q_{s}^{μ} |_{L_{2} (ν)}^{2}] d s + \frac{λ + μ}{2} [\int_{t}^{T} E | A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ} |_{V^{*}}^{2} d s + \int_{t}^{T} E | A_{μ} Y_{s}^{μ} |_{V^{*}}^{2} d s] .

Using Gronwall lemma, this shows that

E | Y_{t}^{λ} - Y_{t}^{μ} |_{H}^{2} \leq B_{λ, μ} e^{\frac{C}{α} (T - t)}

⁠, which plugged in the inequality (19) provides

\begin{matrix} E | Y_{t}^{λ} - Y_{t}^{μ} |_{H}^{2} + \int_{t}^{T} E ‖ Z_{s}^{λ} - Z_{s}^{μ} ‖_{L_{2} (Ξ, H)}^{2} d s + \int_{t}^{T} E | Q_{s}^{λ} - Q_{s}^{μ} |_{L^{2} (ν)}^{2} d s & \leq & B_{λ, μ} (1 + C_{1} (T - t) e^{(C_{1} (T - t))}) \\ \leq & B_{λ, μ} (1 + C_{2} (T - t)), \end{matrix}

where

C_{1} = (α + \frac{C}{α})

and

C_{2} = C_{1} e^{(C_{1} (T - t))}

⁠. Then, we have

\int_{t}^{T} E ‖ Z_{s}^{λ} - Z_{s}^{μ} ‖_{L_{2} (Ξ, H)}^{2} d s + \int_{t}^{T} E | Q_{s}^{λ} - Q_{s}^{μ} |_{L^{2} (ν)}^{2} d s \leq E | Y_{t}^{λ} - Y_{t}^{μ} |_{H}^{2} + \int_{t}^{T} E ‖ Z_{s}^{λ} - Z_{s}^{μ} ‖_{L_{2} (Ξ, H)}^{2} d s + \int_{t}^{T} E | Q_{s}^{λ} - Q_{s}^{μ} |_{L^{2} (ν)}^{2} d s \leq (1 + C_{2} (T - t)) [\frac{C}{α} \int_{t}^{T} E [‖ Z_{s}^{λ} - Z_{s}^{μ} ‖_{L_{2} (Ξ, H)}^{2} + | Q_{s}^{λ} - Q_{s}^{μ} |_{L_{2} (ν)}^{2}] d s + \frac{λ + μ}{2} [\int_{t}^{T} E | A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ} |_{V^{*}}^{2} d s + \int_{t}^{T} E | A_{μ} Y_{s}^{μ} |_{V^{*}}^{2} d s] .

By subtraction, we have:

\begin{matrix} [1 - (1 + C_{2} (T - t)) \frac{C}{α})] \int_{t}^{T} E ‖ Z_{s}^{λ} - Z_{s}^{μ} ‖_{L_{2} (Ξ, H)}^{2} + ‖ Q_{s}^{λ} - Q_{s}^{μ} ‖_{L_{2} (ν)}^{2} d s \\ \leq \frac{λ + μ}{2} [\int_{t}^{T} E | A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ} |_{V^{*}}^{2} d s + \int_{t}^{T} E | A_{μ} Y_{s}^{μ} |_{V^{*}}^{2} d s] . \end{matrix}

For α larger than (1 + C₂(T − t))C, this provides that there exists D > 0, such that

\int_{t}^{T} E ‖ Z_{s}^{λ} - Z_{s}^{μ} ‖_{L_{2} (Ξ, H)}^{2} + | Q_{s}^{λ} - Q_{s}^{μ} |_{L_{2} (ν)}^{2} d s \leq D \frac{λ + μ}{2} [\int_{t}^{T} E | A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ} |_{V^{*}}^{2} d s + E | A_{μ} Y_{s}^{μ} |_{V^{*}}^{2} d s] .

By using the same idea for the jump part and plugging in , we deduce that

E | Y_{t}^{λ} - Y_{t}^{μ} |_{H}^{2} \leq D (\frac{λ + μ}{2}) [\int_{t}^{T} E | A_{λ} Y_{s}^{λ} |_{V^{*}}^{2} d s + \int_{t}^{T} E | A_{μ} Y_{s}^{μ} |_{V^{*}}^{2} d s] .

Using that A_λ and A_μ , we verify the boundedness condition introduced in Remark 3.5, and the result holds.

Remark 4.2.

By using Lemma 3.4, for λ goes to 0, we prove that (Y^λ, Z^λ, Q^λ) goes to the triplet (Y, Z, Q) in the space L²(Ω, H) × L₂(Ξ, H) × L₂(ν).

The following theorem shows that the limit (Y, Z, Q) is a solution of equation (12).

Theorem 4.3.

Under Hyp.1, we have

\sup_{t \in [0, T]} E | Y_{t} - Y_{t}^{λ} |_{H}^{2} + \int_{t}^{T} E ‖ Z_{s} - Z_{s}^{λ} ‖_{L_{2} (Ξ, H)}^{2} d s + \int_{t}^{T} E | Q_{s}^{λ} - Q_{s} |_{L^{2} (ν)}^{2} d s \to 0 .

(20)

where (Y, Z, Q) ∈ L²(Ω, H) × L₂(Ξ, H) × L²(ν) is the unique solution of .

Proof. Proposition 4.1 yields ${(Y^{λ})}_{λ \geq 0}$ and ${(Z^{λ})}_{λ \geq 0}$ which are predictable Cauchy family approximating equations in complete spaces L²(Ω, H) and L²(Ξ, H) and ${(Q^{λ})}_{λ \geq 0}$ ⁠, a progressively measurable Cauchy family approximating equations in L²(ν); then there exists a predictable processes Y, Z and Q, respectively $F$ -progressively measurable such that the sequences ${(Y^{λ})}_{λ \geq 0}$ and ${(Z^{λ})}_{λ \geq 0}$ and ${(Q^{λ})}_{λ \geq 0}$ converge, respectively, toward Y in L²(Ω, H) Z in L₂(Ξ, H) and Q in L²(ν).

Now, it is sufficient to prove that this triplet (Y, Z, Q) coincides with the solution of (12). Therefore,

E {|Y_{t} - X + \int_{t}^{T} A Y_{u} + f (u, Y_{u}, Z_{u}) d u + \int_{t}^{T} Z_{u} d W_{u} + \int_{t}^{T} \int_{E} Q_{u} \tilde{N} (d u, d x)|}_{H}^{2} \leq 2 E | Y_{t} - Y_{t}^{λ} |_{H}^{2} + 2 E |Y_{t}^{λ} - X + \int_{t}^{T} A Y_{u} + {f (u, Y_{u}, Z_{u}) d u + \int_{t}^{T} Z_{u} d W_{u} + \int_{t}^{T} \int_{E} Q_{s} (x) \tilde{N} (d s, d x)|}_{H}^{2} \leq 8 [E {|\int_{t}^{T} A Y_{u} - A_{λ} Y_{u}^{λ} d u|}_{H}^{2} + E {|\int_{t}^{T} (f (u, Y_{u}, Z_{u}, Q_{u}) - f (u, Y_{u}^{λ}, Z_{u}^{λ}, Q_{u}^{λ})) d u|}_{H}^{2} + E {|\int_{t}^{T} (Z_{u} - Z_{u}^{λ}) d W_{u}|}_{H}^{2} + E {|\int_{t}^{T} \int_{E} (Q_{u} - Q_{u}^{λ}) \tilde{N} (d u, d x)|}_{H}^{2}] + 2 E | Y_{t} - Y_{t}^{λ} |_{H}^{2} = 8 [I_{1} + I_{2} + I_{3} + I_{4}] + 2 I_{5} .

We estimate each term separately. First note that, thanks to Hille Yosida approximation and [[17], Lemma 3.9], we have

\lim_{λ \to 0} A_{λ} x = A x, f o r a l l x \in D (A) .

(21)

then

\begin{matrix} I_{1} & \leq & 2 [E \int_{t}^{T} {|A_{λ} (Y_{u} - Y_{u}^{λ})|}_{H}^{2} d u + [E | \int_{t}^{T} {|(A - A_{λ}) Y_{u}|}_{H}^{2} d u \\ \leq & \int_{t}^{T} [- {\tilde{c}}_{2} E | Y_{u} - Y_{u}^{λ} |_{V}^{2} + c_{1} E | Y_{u} - Y_{u}^{λ} |_{H}^{2}] d s \\ \leq & C \int_{t}^{T} E | Y_{u} - Y_{u}^{λ} |_{H}^{2}] d s \to 0 \end{matrix}

when λ → 0 using Proposition 4.1. The term I₂ is estimated by applying the Lipschitz condition with respect to Cauchy Schwartz inequality, and this yields

\begin{matrix} I_{2} & \leq & 2 E {|\int_{t}^{T} (f (u, Y_{u}, Z_{u}, Q_{u}) - f (u, Y_{u}^{λ}, Z_{u}^{λ}, Q_{u}^{λ})) d u|}_{H}^{2} \\ \leq & (T - t) E \int_{t}^{T} {|f (u, Y_{u}, Z_{u}, Q_{u}) - f (u, Y_{u}^{λ}, Z_{u}^{λ}, Q_{u}^{λ})|}_{H}^{2} d u \\ \leq & C (T - t) E \int_{t}^{T} ({| Y_{u} - Y_{u}^{λ} |}_{H}^{2} + {| Z_{u} - Z_{u}^{λ} |}_{L_{2} (Ξ, H)}^{2} + {| Q_{u} - Q_{u}^{λ} |}_{L_{2} (ν)}^{2}) d u \\ \to & 0 \end{matrix}

where λ → 0.

Finally, the terms I₃, I₄ and I₅ are covered by Proposition 4.1. Then the results holds.

Corollary 4.4.

Assume that Hyp.1 holds, then there exists a unique triplet (Y, Z, Q) ∈ L²(Ω, H) × L₂(Ξ, H) × L²(ν) which satisfies (12), such that:

\sup_{t \in [0, T]} E {| Y_{t} - Y_{t}^{λ} |}_{H}^{2} + \int_{t}^{T} E ‖ Z_{s} - Z_{s}^{λ} ‖_{L_{2} (Ξ, H)}^{2} d s + \int_{t}^{T} \int_{E} E | Q_{s}^{λ} - Q_{s} |_{L^{2} (ν)}^{2} d s \leq C λ .

(22)

Proof. Thanks to Proposition 4.1, we compute:

\sup_{t \in [0, T]} E | Y_{t}^{λ} - Y_{t} |_{H}^{2} + \int_{t}^{T} E ‖ Z_{s} - Z_{s}^{λ} ‖_{L_{2} (Ξ, H)}^{2} d s + \int_{t}^{T} E | Q_{s}^{λ} - Q_{s} |_{L^{2} (ν)}^{2} d s \leq 2 \sup_{t \in [0, T]} E | Y_{t}^{λ} - Y_{t}^{μ} |_{H}^{2} + 2 \sup_{t \in [0, T]} E | Y_{t}^{μ} - Y_{t} |_{H}^{2} + 2 \int_{t}^{T} E ‖ Z_{s}^{μ} - Z_{s} ‖_{L_{2} (Ξ, H)}^{2} d s + 2 \int_{t}^{T} E ‖ Z_{s}^{λ} - Z_{s}^{μ} ‖_{L_{2} (Ξ, H)}^{2} d s + 2 \int_{t}^{T} E | Q_{s}^{μ} - Q_{s} |_{L_{2} (ν)}^{2} d s + 2 \int_{t}^{T} E | Q_{s}^{λ} - Q_{s}^{μ} |_{L^{2} (ν)}^{2} d s \leq 2 D (λ + μ) + 2 \sup_{t \in [0, T]} E | Y_{t}^{μ} - Y_{t} |_{H}^{2} + 2 \int_{t}^{T} E ‖ Z_{s}^{μ} - Z_{s} ‖_{L_{2} (Ξ, H)}^{2} d s + 2 \int_{t}^{T} E | Q_{s}^{μ} - Q_{s} |_{L^{2} (ν)}^{2} d s .

Then, when μ goes to zero, applying Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem yields:

\sup_{t \in [0, T]} E | Y_{t} - Y_{t}^{λ} |_{H}^{2} + \int_{t}^{T} E ‖ Z_{s} - Z_{s}^{λ} ‖_{L_{2} (Ξ, H)}^{2} d s + \int_{t}^{T} E | Q_{s}^{λ} - Q_{s} |_{L^{2} (ν)}^{2} d s \leq 2 D λ .

Example 4.5.

Let an open set $Λ \subset R^{d}$ ⁠, and denote by $C_{0}^{\infty} (Λ)$ the set of all infinitely differentiable real valued functions defined on Λ with compact support. For $u \in C_{0}^{\infty} (Λ)$ let us define

‖ u ‖_{1,2} ≔ (\int (| u (ξ) |^{2} + | Δ u (ξ) |^{2}) d ξ) \frac{1}{2} .

Let us define $H_{0}^{1,2} (Λ)$ by the completion of $C_{0}^{\infty} (Λ)$ with respect to ‖ ⋅‖_1,2. Then, for A = −Δ and $H_{0}^{1,2} \subset L^{2} \subset {(H_{0}^{1,2})}^{*}$ ⁠, A satisfies (L1).

Proof. For the detailed proof, we refer to [28] [p. 62].

Example 4.6.

[27] For the case V = H = V*. If A is a Lipschitz function, the Yosida approximation [8] [Proposition 2.3] is given by

A_{λ} x = \frac{1}{λ} (x - J_{λ} x), x \in H .

(23)

where the resolvent J_λ of A is defined on H by

J_{λ} = {(I + λ A)}^{- 1} .

(24)

A satisfies (L1).

Proof. For more details, we refer to [[28], p. 59].

Example 4.7.

[28] Let p > 2, Γ ∈ Rⁿ, let V ≔ L^p(Γ), H ≔ L²(Γ) and $V^{*} ≔ (L^{\frac{p}{p - 1}} (Γ))$ ⁠, we define A: D(A) = V → V*, by Au≔ − u|u|^p−2, u ∈ V. Then, A satisfies (L1).

Proof. For a detailed proof, we refer to [28] [p. 61] [].

To the memory of Professor Habib Ouerdiane (1953-2023).

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2023

Hani Abidi, Rim Amami, Roger Pettersson and Chiraz Trabelsi

Published in the Arab Journal of Mathematical Sciences. Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode

L²-convergence of Yosida approximation for semi-linear backward stochastic differential equation with jumps in infinite dimension

1. Introduction

2. Preliminaries and notations

3. Yosida approximation

4. Convergence of Yosida approximation

References

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L2-convergence of Yosida approximation for semi-linear backward stochastic differential equation with jumps in infinite dimension Open Access

1. Introduction

2. Preliminaries and notations

3. Yosida approximation

4. Convergence of Yosida approximation

References

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L²-convergence of Yosida approximation for semi-linear backward stochastic differential equation with jumps in infinite dimension