... in existing buildings. Current material passport (MP) frameworks operate in isolation, with blockchain providing verification but lacking real-time monitoring, while digital twins offer dynamic tracking without cryptographic security. This study aims to systematically review blockchain-digital twin...

... and processes. Material passports (MPs) are the tool for this information flow. This study aims to examine the research trend about digitalisation and MPs in construction, explore the application of digital technologies (DTs) for information management required for MPs and provide further research directions...