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Keywords: GMM system
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Journal Articles
Benchmarking: An International Journal 1–26.
Published: 25 November 2025
... investigating how board characteristics, including gender and cultural diversity, CEO duality, compensation, pay gap, and board size affect ESG performance in Iberian companies. To achieve our aim, we employed GMM system proposed by Arellano and Bond (1991) and used a set of 181 Iberian companies from...
Journal Articles
Benchmarking: An International Journal (2025) 32 (9): 3468–3491.
Published: 08 September 2025
.... Design/methodology/approach The analysis uses panel data and the Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) system estimator by Arellano and Bond (1991) and Arellano and Bover (1995), applied to 337 listed non-financial Iberian firms from 2013 to 2023. Findings Governance scores are positively linked...
