... adoption and training. Costa Rica excelled in yard operations but lagged elsewhere due to limited lean practice use. Spain actively used lean tools, but isolated application reduced their effectiveness. Research limitations/implications This study provides valuable insights into applying lean tools...

..., this study confirms lean practices as an important mediator to achieve excellent environmental performance; third, the focal company takes the lead in achieving environmental performance, and suppliers are in the supportive circle of influence. Originality/value This study provides a research model based...