... expense. Design/methodology/approach This paper includes a study of Maslow’s Needs Hierarchy and related literature that supports a modern interpretation. Suggestions are made for administrators to view solving complaints or grumbles proactively by investing in appropriate activities. Findings...

... – The literature and readings cited demonstrate need and consideration. Originality/value – The paper highlights considerations needed for present decision making that will have future impact. As an element of organizational structure, the chain of command refers to an organization's hierarchy of reporting...