Chapter 2: Our Lens and Approach

This chapter outlines the methodology guiding the investigation presented in this book, emphasising the need for a transparent framework to support systematic inquiry. Beginning with an introduction to the book's philosophical foundation, critical realism, the chapter discusses how this paradigm shapes our approach by grounding it in a perspective that accommodates complex, layered realities. The methodology employed—design science research (DSR)—is then explained in detail, providing a structured approach to developing and evaluating theoretical artefacts within this critical realist framework. The chapter walks through the five key steps of DSR, from problem identification to artefact design, iteration, evaluation, and refinement. By clearly articulating these methodological choices, this chapter establishes a foundation for rigorous analysis, allowing for a well-rounded critique and reflection on the knowledge generated. This methodology ultimately enables the creation of actionable insights and innovative contributions, aligning with the book's overarching objective to advance research in the emerging field of Digital Twin for Urban Management.