Chapter 49: Sampling and laboratory testing

The development of a good ground model relies upon a successful ground investigation with appropriate sampling techniques and laboratory testing. The involvement of all stakeholders in the process, open communication and supervision are essential for high-quality parameter determination for the foundation or temporary works design. Various sampling techniques and their validity for parameter determination are discussed in a process-based fashion along with an insight into the various laboratory tests available. The list of laboratory tests is not exhaustive but includes many of the common test types (and some specialist considerations) associated with modern design requirements from low-rise buildings to advanced construction. The reader is given the main principles of sampling and sample disturbance with reference to the effects on laboratory testing and parameter determination, which may be used as a basis for investigations worldwide.