Chapter 12 Controlling exposure to biological hazards

This chapter deals with controlling exposure to biological hazards in the construction industry. The biological hazards are defined and the natural and man-made sources are documented where a hazard is likely to occur. Construction industry predisposes the workers to respiratory and cardiovascular problems due to dust, injuries from falls, sharp instruments, and attacks by venomous stings and bites, vectorborne infections and bioterrorism. Further, recognisng a biohazard, routes of entry, biosafety levels, and biohazard preventive measures are discussed. Hazards control measures include elimination, engineering controls including retrofit technologies, administration controls, and provision of adequate and appropriate personal protective equipment. Rodent control is very important in the construction industry. Common disinfectants against biological agents are suggested with procedures for preparation and use for routine and emergency situations particularly to manage the spills. A part of the chapter also deals with biowaste management, monitoring and assessment of biohazards, risk assessment, and environmental impact assessment. Roles and responsibilities of stakeholders are highlighted. Some case studies are given on the biohazards experienced in Nigeria and the USA, particularly in the road and building construction, laboratories, and a university research facility.