Mobility as a service

This chapter is divided into two complementary sections, namely ‘Mobility as a service (MaaS)’ and ‘Insight from the development of bicycle sharing in China’. The section on MaaS looks at the enablers required and the pyramid of needs that must be managed and coordinated to ensure that a viable and fair system is put in place. This section also looks at physical and digital considerations, as part of the wider ecosystem development linked to autonomous, connected, electric and shared environments.

The second section, on bike sharing, looks at first to present a brief history of bicycle transport, from the bicycle kingdom to bicycle control to promote the car industry in China. Environmental and health concerns in China resulted in the re-emergence of bicycle transport, in the form of station-based public bicycle (SPB) and free-floating bike sharing (FBS) systems. Based on analyses of three bike sharing models, some recommendations are proposed towards future urban mobility management in China.