Visual inspections and surveys, remote sensing techniques and sensors for detailed analyses

• 3.1.

  Introduction

• 3.2.

  Visual inspection and surface survey

• 3.3.

  Walkover survey

• 3.4.

  Remote sensing/measurement approaches

• 3.5.

  Intrusive techniques, sensors and arrays for detailed assessment, diagnosis and monitoring

• 3.6.

  Conclusions

• 3.7.

  Future developments

• Acknowledgements

• References

• Further reading

• Useful websites

This paper discusses many of the tools and techniques that can assist in the assessment of the condition and performance of flood defence infrastructure. Methods range from simple, non-intrusive observation and inspection, through to complex investigative and destructive testing. Modern technology in the form of remote measurement techniques (using both passive and active systems), global positioning systems, new integrated sensor technology, and data recording and communication functionality have broadened the capability of assessments and refined the level of precision and accuracy in recent years.