Chapter 2: Generic pavement types

Before examining the deterioration process of pavements, it is relevant to look briefly at the history and development of this important infrastructure. Understanding the constructions of the past is important because, while they may not relate closely to modern thinking, they have stood the test of time, due principally to excellent workmanship. Furthermore, many existing pavements contain examples of past construction, and very few fit into idealised types.

The terms ‘road’ and ‘pavement’ are used interchangeably in the following discussion as most paved surfaces allow for use by different types of traffic. Fundamentally, since ancient times, pavements have been built to provide a hard surface to support the loads induced by pedestrians and vehicle traffic, and to distribute them safely to the relatively weak natural soils. Although the fundamental concept is relatively unchanged, science and technological advancement have shaped the way pavements are analysed, designed, constructed and maintained.