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First page of A Glimpse into The School Lives of Young Adolescent Immigrant and Refugee Students<subtitle>Implications for the Middle Level</subtitle>

Middle level educators are called on to create learning environments, curricula, and instructional programs that are responsive to the cultural backgrounds, social contexts, and developmental needs of every young adolescent they serve (Jackson & Davis, 2000; National Middle School Association, 2003). This is a formidable challenge, for young adolescence is a period of great emotional, physical, and intellectual transitions for all young people (Dryfoos, 1990; Santrock, 2005). As one middle school principal stated:

It’s like trying to change a tire on a car that’s moving.... We’re trying to educate them and prepare them for a lot of things. At the same time they’re changing so much. Their personalities and ideas about parents and teachers are going 100 mph. (Patterson, 1995)

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