1: Introduction: Bridging Colonialism Past to Coloniality and AI

European colonialism reached its height in the 18th century when they established distant colonies exploiting their resources and cultures. After WWII, between 1945 and 1975, major European powers began their departures from their colonies, giving rise to national independence without losing their dominance, continuing to exploit their resources and cultures. As decolonization was underway, decoloniality became a central issue among academics and non-Western sovereign governments, demanding correction of historical imbalances, social and cultural equity, and knowledge diversity. As the Global South sought decoloniality, new economic powers and artificial intelligence (AI) emerged, reshaping political colonialism in light of new regional and international organizations and creating new challenges.