• 7.1 Introduction

  • 7.2 Local axes

  • 7.3 Prescribed displacements

  • 7.4 Tied degrees of freedom

  • 7.5 Springs

  • 7.6 Boundary stresses

  • 7.7 Point loads

  • 7.8 Body forces

  • 7.9 Construction

  • 7.10 Excavation

  • 7.11 Pore pressures

  • 7.12 Infiltration

  • 7.13 Sources and sinks

  • 7.14 Precipitation

  • 7.15 Initial stresses

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