CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF LEARNING DISABILITIES: BEYOND THE ABILITY-ACHIEVEMENT DISCREPANCY

Four types of calculations are currently being used to identify discrepancies between intellectual ability and achievement. These include deviation from grade level, expectancy formulas, simple standard score differences, and regression-based differences (Fletcher et al., 1994; Gresham, 2001; Sattler, 1992; Van den Broeck, 2002).