Chapter 3: An Overview of Research on Tourism 4.0 and Smart Tourism: A Visualization Analysis

Industrial revolutions (IR) have been the driving force of transformation in many sectors throughout history. With technological revolutions (TR), the lifestyles of societies have also changed (Schwab, 2016). The first IR began with the emergence of the steam engine in the last quarter of the eighteenth century (Lasi et al., 2014). The first IR, also named Industry 1.0, contributed directly and indirectly to developing sectors such as iron and steel, mining, transportation and communication, especially the weaving, textile and tourism industry (TI). Beginning at the turn of the twentieth century, the use of electrical energy in mass production and the development of communication and transportation infrastructure brought about the second IR (Kagermann et al., 2013).