Half Title Page
Tourism Risk
Title Page
Tourism Risk: Crisis and Recovery Management
Edited by
Marco Valeri
Niccolò Cusano University, Italy
United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China
Copyright Page
Emerald Publishing Limited
Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK
First edition 2022
Editorial matter and selection © 2022 Marco Valeri. Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited.
Chapter 3 © 2022 Chariton G. Bompolakis, Dimitrios A. Parpairis and Dimitrios G. Lagos. Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited.
Rest of the Chapters © 2022 by Emerald Publishing Limited
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-1-80117-709-2 (Print)
ISBN: 978-1-80117-708-5 (Online)
ISBN: 978-1-80117-710-8 (Epub)
List of Figures and Tables
| Chapter 3 | |
| Figure 1. | New Trends in Educational Material. |
| Chapter 4 | |
| Figure 1. | Damage and Mass Publication Caused by the First Bali Bombing. |
| Figure 2. | Mount Agung Eruption in 2017. |
| Figure 3. | Tourism Crisis Management Articles on Scopus. |
| Figure 4. | Tree Analogy in Tourism Crisis Management in Bali. |
| Figure 5. | Tourists Taking Selfies with Mt. Agung Eruption as Background. |
| Chapter 9 | |
| Figure 1. | Study Framework. |
| Chapter 10 | |
| Figure 1. | Planning Guidelines for an Efficient Healthcare Tourism Policy and Environmental Protection from Particular Hazards and Risks for Tourism in Crisis. |
| Chapter 13 | |
| Figure 1. | Number of Overtourist Destinations by Region. |
| Figure 2. | Searches in Google Trends for the Terms of Venice and Amsterdam. |
| Figure 3. | Reasons and Factors for the Overtourism Development. |
| Figure 4. | Dynamics of Changes in the Rates of Tourism Development in 2020, by Region. |
| Chapter 14 | |
| Figure 1. | Timanfaya Park, Lanzarote (Spain). |
| Figure 2. | Co-occurrences in Dark Tourism Literature. |
| Chapter 15 | |
| Figure 1. | Locational Context of the Study Area. |
| Figure 2. | Obstruction of Drainage Channels in Areas of Sea Salt Production. The interruption of old tidal channels by the slopes of the salt flats is clearly observed. the vulnerable position of the city of Areia Branca can also be seen from the risk of flooding. |
| Figure 3. | Aspects of the Advance of Dunes Over Access Roads and the Presence of Wind Turbines in the Field of Mobile Dunes in the Study Area. |
| Figure 4. | Records of Erosive Processes in Tibau (A, B) and Grossos (C, D). |
| Chapter 17 | |
| Figure 1. | Theoretical Framework for the Study. |
| Figure 2. | Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 on Spiritual Tourist Travel Motives. |
| Chapter 2 | |
| Table 1. | Theoretical Approach – Perspective/Framework. |
| Table 2. | Overview of the Methods Used. |
| Table 3. | Types of Risks Involved in the Articles Studied. |
| Table 4. | Context Being Studied. |
| Chapter 3 | |
| Table 1. | Undergraduate Courses Offered by the University of the Aegean. |
| Table 2. | Survey Findings. |
| Chapter 4 | |
| Table 1. | Recent Works on Bali Resilience Post-crisis. |
| Chapter 5 | |
| Table 1. | General Characteristics of the Articles Reviewed in the Literature. |
| Chapter 9 | |
| Table 1. | Summaries of Previous Study Related to the Topic. |
| Chapter 10 | |
| Table 1. | Guidelines for Actions Taken in an Integrated Planning Healthcare Policy and Engineering Management Facilities for Sustainable Tourism. |
| Chapter 11 | |
| Table 1. | Brief Presentation of Related Researches. |
| Chapter 12 | |
| Table 1. | Research Studies Dividing to Various Groups According to the Adopted Research Focus. |
| Chapter 13 | |
| Table 1. | Distribution of Overtourist Destinations by Regions. |
| Table 2. | Possible Consequences of Overtourism in Destinations. |
| Chapter 14 | |
| Table 1. | Natural Disasters and Dark Tourism Analysed in the Literature. |
| Chapter 15 | |
| Table 1. | Urban, Rural and Total Population of Areia Branca, Grossos and Tibau, in the Years 1991, 2000 and 2010. |
| Table 2. | Land Use and Occupation Dynamics in the Municipality of Areia Branca, between 1965 and 2009. |
| Chapter 16 | |
| Table 1. | The Five Facets of an Ecological Worldview. |
| Table 2. | NEP Items with Mean and Standard Deviation of Responses (N = 245). |
| Table 3. | Environmental Attitude Scores According to NEP Subscales (N = 245). |
| Table 4. | Ecological Attitude Scores According to Categories. |
List of Contributors
| Albattat Ahmad | Management & Science University, Malaysia |
| António Sérgio Araújo de Almeida | CiTUR – Polytechnic of Leiria, Portugal |
| Wendson Dantas de Araújo Medeiros | Centre of Studies in Geography and Spatial Planning, CEGOT, Portugal |
| Dimitrios Belias | University of Thessaly, Greece |
| Chariton G. Bompolakis | Hellenic Open University, Greece |
| Daniel Catalá-Pérez | Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain |
| Blanca de-Miguel-Molina | Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain |
| María de-Miguel-Molina | Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain |
| Ezgi Dinler | Yildiz Technical University, Turkey |
| Eda Rukiye Donbak | Adıyaman University, Turkey |
| Susanne Durst | Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia |
| Christer Eldh | Lund University, Sweden |
| Rossidis Ioannis | University of the Peloponnese, Greece |
| Azizul Jamaludin | Management & Science University, Malaysia |
| João Paulo Jorge | CiTUR – Polytechnic of Leiria, Portugal |
| Nataliya O. Krasnikova | Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, Ukraine |
| Oleksandr P. Krupskyi | Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, Ukraine |
| Malgorzta Kurleto | Jagiellonien University, Poland |
| Tilemachos K. Koliopoulos | University of West Attica, Greece |
| Gulsen Kirpik | Adıyaman University, Turkey |
| Suneel Kumar | Shaheed Bhagat Singh College, University of Delhi, India |
| Dimitrios G. Lagos | University of the Aegean, Greece |
| Rosa Maria Rodrigues Lopes | State University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil |
| Ana Rita Marques | Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Portugal |
| Dimitrios A. Parpairis | Hellenic Open University, Greece |
| I Gde Pitana | Udayana University, Bali |
| Putu Diah Sastri Pitanatri | Bali Tourism Polytechnic, Indonesia |
| Panoraia Poulaki | University of the Aegean, Greece |
| Viktoriia Y. Redko | Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, Ukraine |
| Geetanjali Sageena | Keshav Mahavidyalaya, University of Delhi, India |
| Virginia Santamarina-Campos | Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain |
| Vasco Santos | ISLA – Instituto Superior de Gestão e Administração, Portugal |
| Shekhar | University of Delhi, India |
| Bruno Sousa | Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Portugal |
| Sarah Springwald | Polytechnic of Leiria, Portugal |
| Ilias Stavrakakis | University of West Attica, Greece |
| Dimitris Tarazonas | University of West Attica, Greece |
| Anastasios Thomaidis | Aristotle’s University of Thessaloniki, Greece |
| Pia Ulvenblad | Halmstad University, Sweden |
| Laurentina Vareiro | Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Portugal |
| Nikolaos Vasilakis | Ionian University, Greece |
| Marco Valeri | Niccolò Cusano University, Italy Taylor’s University, Malaysia |
| Malin Zillinger | Lund University and Mid Sweden University, Sweden |
| Nini Shaliza Mohd Zuraimi | Management & Science University, Malaysia |
Preface
The tourism industry is made up of a wide and unparalleled cluster of sectors having specific requirements related to the planning and recovery of tourism destination disasters (Bellini et al., 2017; Cheng and Zhang, 2020; Valeri and Baggio, 2020a; 2020b; 2021; Gössling et al., 2021).
Crises and adversities of tourism destinations have been examined by various authors from different angles, including recovery strategies and models for analyzing and developing tourism disaster management strategies (Gurtner, 2007; Prayag, 2018; Glyptou, 2021).
There are some other authors, instead, who have analyzed disasters in relation to human errors from the perspective of the organization response, or others who have studied the economic model related to the effect of government approach following a natural catastrophe (Chikudate, 2009; Rosselló et al., 2020).
However, none of them have shaped a model to collect, stock, disseminate and manage expertise and data either to plan and estimate crises management (as well as situation awareness) or to reduce possible future catastrophes (Albattat et al., 2020; Chemli et al., 2020; Dryhurst et al., 2020; Toanoglou et al., 2021).
Classifying crises and disasters in different categories is key in a knowledge management system because each category may require a different type of information, communication and response. We can find, for instance, a number of crises and disaster categories connected with political events (unrest, coups, ethnic turmoil, terrorist threats and attacks), natural disasters (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, fires, floods, avalanches, tsunamis, hurricanes, tornados, oil spills, extreme weather conditions), epidemics (SARS, COVID-19, bird flu, foot and mouth), terrorism and war (Mistillis and Sheldon, 2006; Ma et al., 2020).
Tourism can also be influenced by monetary incidents such as stock market downfalls or extreme exchange rate variations. Each event has a different degree of weight or dimension that influences the size and quantity of information needed to manage it, e.g. the urgency and persistence of the disaster, the level of control, the extent of harm and loss, and finally the effects on the people and stakeholders involved (Baggio and Valeri, 2020; Santos et al., 2021a; 2021b).
Although it is fundamental to recognize that tourism is strictly connected with other sectors, it is undoubtedly crucial to admit that, from a disaster planning point of view, tourism industry is particularly exposed to danger, if compared to other industries.
Genesis of this Book
The book Tourism risk: Crisis and recovery management is the result of reflections involving research studies of different nationalities. This book aims to provide a comprehensive collection of papers including new insights for traditional paradigms, approaches and methods, as well as more recent developments in research methodology in the crisis management in tourism.
The book adopts a multidisciplinary approach from management to local development, from entrepreneurship to sociology, from innovation to sustainability, providing illustration examples about disaster and recovery management strategies. Its ultimate goal is to elaborate a historically informed, future-focused research agenda that accounts for the needs and concerns of policy makers and practitioners in the tourism field.
Structure of this Book
The book is structured in two parts. The first part focuses on disaster management strategies. This part collects chapters that analyze the potential and obstacles on preventing destruction from (natural) disasters through advocacy, prevention, knowledge management, better coordination, capacity building strategies and better preparedness through advanced emergency response in tourism. The second part focuses on recovery management strategies. This part consists of chapters focusing on one phase of the tasks which managers face after the immediate consequences of a crisis having been dealt with.
Chapters falling into this specific part of this book are as follows:
In Chapter 1 ‘Planning for Disaster and Emergency Preparedness in Hotels’ Albattat Ahmad analyzed the current level of planning, preparedness and readiness for disaster and emergency of the hotel industry in Jordan. He identified several critical factors and barriers in developing and operating effective disaster and emergency planning in this country. Results from this study showed that in the last few decades, the Jordanian hotel industry was severely affected by many devastating emergencies and disasters.
In Chapter 2 ‘Crisis Leadership: What Do We Know by Now?’, the authors Susanne Durst, Ezgi Dinler and Pia Ulvenblad review extant research on crisis leadership to establish the current body of knowledge and, on this basis, suggest some promising avenues for future research on crisis leadership in general and crisis leadership in tourism in particular. Results show that the tourism sector may take advantage of the established body of knowledge when dealing with the current COVID-19 pandemic and forthcoming crises.
In Chapter 3 ‘Tracing the Human Capital Educational Needs as a Tool to Address Crisis Management in Tourism: A Case Study of All-Inclusive Hotels in the Prefecture of Chania, Greece’, the authors Chariton G. Bompolakis, Dimitrios A. Parpairis and Dimitrios G. Lagos enquire and trace the human capital educational and training needs, correlated to the tourism sector, as an approach to addressing crisis management in tourism. The results generated provide valuable data related to the exploitation and development of tourism-based educational programs for employees as well as programs that contribute to the level of satisfaction of tourists in all-inclusive hotels. Thus, this research provides a realistic database for implementing human capital strategies, through educational and training tools, targeting to foster the tourist product during times of crisis and within the radical transformation that the pandemic has instigated.
In Chapter 4 ‘Natural and Man-Made Crisis Management in a Small Island Tourism Destination: The Case of Bali’, the authors Putu Diah Sastri Pitanatri, I Gde Pitana and Marco Valeri examine Bali as an example of a successful case study for understanding tourism destination resilience in Indonesia. Therefore the authors developed the chapter into three main parts: (1) the crisis and recovery in the island of paradise session are to gain a better understanding of what happened on the island and how the Balinese are reacting to help the island’s tourism sector recover, (2) the tree analogy and hexahelix in the tourism crisis management section are to show how the Balinese and related stakeholders are attempting to use local concepts to promote recovery on the island and (3) the lesson learnt is how tourism recovers and what sustainable redevelopment means to the Balinese. From the research, it can be concluded that Bali provides an excellent case study to understand the diverse roles of key actors in successful crisis recovery. Both positive and negative lessons should be reported and checked consistently as part of an iterative approach to strengthening catastrophe risk assessment and crisis management capabilities for any tourism destination, aside from the latest discourse of greater engagement and partnership.
Chapter 5 ‘An Overview of Crisis Management in Hospitality Enterprises: The Case of Operating at an International Level Hotel in Adiyaman’ by Eda Rukiye Donbak, Gulsen Kirpik and Marco Valeri examine the administrative actions implemented or to be implemented by an international accommodation business operating in Adıyaman province regarding crisis management. In addition, the secondary aim of this study is to determine whether there is any administrative action plan developed by the manager regarding the risks arising from environmental, organizational and human resources. As a result of the research, it was determined that the hotel management has different plans and units according to the source of the crisis. It has been observed that there are ready units in terms of the standard crises that are encountered regularly. However, it has been determined that there are no predetermined units or teams for large-scale and rare crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
Chapter 6 ‘Crisis Management in Tourism: COVID-19 Pandemic in Greece’, the authors Panoraia Poulaki, Ilias Stavrakakis, Dimitrios Tarazonas, Nikolaos Vasilakis and Marco Valeri present a crisis management plan in tourism and specifically of the COVID-19 pandemic in Greece, commonly accepted, which can contribute decisively to dealing with adverse effects. This strategic plan for crisis management in tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic is reflected in the present study. Specialists involved in crisis management have presented comprehensive national strategies to ensure timely, valid and clear advice and information.
In Chapter 7 ‘The Impact of River Tourism on the Development of the Demarcated Regions in Specific (Post-pandemic Crisis) Contexts: The Case of Cruise Ships’, the authors Bruno Sousa, Laurentina Vareiro, Ana Rita Marques, Vasco Ribeiro Santos and Marco Valeri explore the impact of river tourism, particularly cruise ships, on the (post-pandemic crisis) development of the Alto Douro Wine Region. For this theme’s development, the authors chose to use a qualitative methodology, conducting four semi-structured interviews with participants directly or indirectly linked to the Douro River’s cruise ship industry.
In Chapter 8 ‘Data Breaches in the Hotel Sector According to General Data Protection Regulation (EU 2016/679)’ the author Anastasios Thomaidis examines the impacts of GDPR in the hotel sector. Specifically the author examines the crisis of data breach due to accidents, mistakes and deliberate actions during data collection of hotel's customers. Furthermore the case of security breach by cyber hackers is analyzed. In this chapter Anastasios Thomaidis proposes actions to bolster data security and avoid the risk of breaches.
In Chapter 9 ‘The Influence of Tourists' Visit Intention Attributes of Recovery Aspect on Destination Image in the Post-crisis’, the authors Albattat Ahmad, Nini Shaliza, Mohd Zuraimi and Azizul Jamaludin examined the mediated role of media influence between the aspects of relationship that affected the recovery of the economy following post-crises, supported by three aspects: restoration of confidence, performance of stakeholders and the response with media influenced as a mediator.
In Chapter 10 ‘Efficient Healthcare Policy and Engineering Management Facilities for Planning Sustainable Tourism Development in Post-COVID-19 Crisis Recovery’, the authors Tilemachos Koliopoulos and Marco Valeri present useful results that are focused on an efficient healthcare tourism policy and engineering management solutions so as to promote a sustainable tourism. These are outlined in terms of efficient sustainable construction design practices in terms of health – safety for tourists, proper qualitative facilities, protecting public health, supporting healthcare services and infrastructures within regional ecological, cultural, heritage, spiritual, gastronomic, river, sea and sports tourism. Useful results of this study highlight the importance of environmental public health–related perceived risks and impact of COVID-19 at tourism crisis.
In Chapter 11 ‘Tourism in Crisis: The Impact of Climate Change on the Tourism Industry’, the authors Dimitrios Belias, Ioannis Rossidis and Marco Valeri analyze the effects of climate change on the tourism industry and in particular the effects of climate change on tourist demand and how destinations can deal with the possible effects of climate change.
Chapter 12 ‘New Challenges in Tourism Management in the Face of the Global Climate Change Crisis’ by Małgorzata Kurleto focuses on the most serious problems facing tourism in times of global crisis caused by climate change. The analysis attempts to present the relationship between tourism management and the impact of climate change on tourism regions. The study focuses on risk management in tourism. The subject of this analysis is also the importance of an integrated plan for a crisis in a tourist destination and its recovery after a natural disaster. The conducted research showed a synergistic relationship between tourism and climate change which is based on the fact that tourism (especially mass tourism) contributes to climate change, causing an increase in natural disasters (e.g. fires) negatively affecting the natural environment and its participants, including tourists.
Chapter 13 ‘Overtourism Effect Management in Destinations’ by Viktoriia Y. Redko, Nataliya O. Krasnikova, and Oleksandr P. Krupskyi analyzes the causes of the overtourism effect in urban, infrastructural and natural destinations, which at the same time degrades the quality of the tourist experience and the life quality of the local population. This study proposes tools to manage the economic, social and environmental risks associated with the oversaturation of tourist destinations.
Chapter 14 ‘The Missing Link between Dark Tourism and Tourism Management’ by María de-Miguel-Molina, Daniel Catalá-Pérez, Blanca de-Miguel-Molina and Virginia Santamarina-Campos focuses on whether the relationship between dark tourism and tourism management exists, especially when a disaster occurs, going beyond traditional short-term crisis-recovery approaches (repairing, reconstructing, assessing the damages and so on) and advocating for long-term and forward-looking solutions. The chapter addresses overlooked and neglected key factors that are deemed of the utmost relevance on understanding how sustainable dark tourism attractions are originated in the aftermath of a disaster.
Chapter 15 ‘Territorial Dynamics and Environmental Risks in the Costa Branca Coast, Northeastern Brazil’ by Wendson Dantas de Araújo Medeiros and Rosa Maria Rodrigues Lopes explores the recent territorial dynamics in the municipalities of Areia Branca, Grossos and Tibau, as a way to contribute to territorial planning actions at the Costa Branca Pole and to provide a model of tourism development resilient to crises arising from the performance of environmental risks.
In Chapter 16 ‘Tourism Behaviours as a Proactive Contribution to Social Balances of Destinations’, the authors António Sérgio Araújo de Almeida, João Paulo Jorge and Sarah Springwald explore some practices associated with the experience, perceptions and environmental awareness of tourists in situations of pressure and risk, at various levels, as promoters of sustainability and local identity values.
In Chapter 17 ‘Spiritual Tourism Transition: An Ethos of Hope during COVID-19 Crisis from Indian Perspectives’, the authors Suneel Kumar Shekhar, Marco Valeri and Geetanjali Sageena analyze the impact of COVID-19 in triggering the travel motives of spiritual tourists and its consequences for the transition in Indian tourism industry. As the pandemic embraced India, it generated several mental issues such as anxiety, depression and stress among the population. Surfacing through the restrictive COVID-19 regime invoked increased spirituality levels, further deepening their psychology to undertake spiritual tourism.
Chapter 18 ‘The Remote Effects of Terrorism on Tourists’ Notions of Risk and Safety’ by Christer Eldh and Malin Zillinger describes and analyzes tourists’ argumentations about risk and safety while travelling. Empirical results stem from international travelers who live in Sweden. Results show that terrorism is not understood as a major threat during travel. Another result shows that risk and safety are strongly interrelated. The travellers in this study are actually striving for some kinds of challenges. Travelling should not be boring. Actually, one can say that if people were not longing for otherness, the adventure and the search for the unknown, tourism as such would historically not exist. The tricky question is how to balance within this equation of risk and safety, a place in the equilibrium that fits into minds of the individual travelers. Speaking of challenges, this is a challenge first and foremost for destination managers.
