Acknowledgements

This chapter has been drawn from experience of observing urban rail developments over a lengthy period and discussions with many people. In particular, thanks are due to my co-authors in works cited below. The study of use of the Cairo Metro by low-income residents was funded by the then Department for International Development (DIFD) of the UK government. A discussion with Gérald Churchill of RATP in Paris in 2012 was particularly helpful in understanding the process of converting Metro Line 1 to driverless operation. All conclusions drawn and viewpoints expressed are those of the author.