Party positions, ca 2014, authors' calculations based on data from the Chapel Hill expert survey, retrieved from https://www.chesdata.eu/ches-stats.

Horizontal axes: Socio-economic left–right, 0 = left; 10 = right.

In the figures, this axis is presented from left (left, 0) to right (right, 10).

This axis is a composite of three variables in the CHES dataset for 2014, each weighted equally.

Vertical axes: Identity politics, 0 = nationalist; 10 = liberal (note that this is the inverse of the original CHES scale, since liberal positions are commonly presented at the top and nationalist ones at the bottom of the vertical scale in this kind of figure).