MAKING EQUAL

Levelling Up is widely recognized failed as policy in the UK. ‘Making Equal: New Visions for Opportunity and Growth’ considers what lessons can be learnt and what might be done differently with cogent views from across the political spectrum. A century ago something similar happening in the UK, the 1920s were a time of failure, but by the 1930s the idea that Special Areas needed an Act of Parliament to help them was accepted. In these pages, we may be seeing history and consensus repeat.

—Danny Dorling, University of Oxford

This is a hugely impressive book – hooked onto the 125th anniversary of Ruskin College but whose writ encompasses Dickens’ ghosts in A Christmas Carol – past, present, and future. Its editors, Graeme Atherton and Peter John, have attracted a galaxy of impressive contributors – academics, politicians, social scientists, journalists, researchers – and let them fly.

The mounds of statistics are the backdrop to an urgency to that – and Graeme Atherton’s introduction has all the figures you might want, but along rising with eloquent anger – real people, real places, real heartbreaks, but also the determination to put things right.

As I am a historian, a tutor for The Open University for 20 years, and a further 22 years as a Blackpool MP (where Graeme grew up) I assure you this book is the genuine article. The five sections – Creating Opportunity from Birth, Higher Education – The Driver of Growth and Opportunity, Making Places Matter, Growth, the Economy and the Role of Business, Labour and Inequality – Past, Present, and Future – bring out in David Blunkett, Hilary Armstrong, John Bird and Rupa Huq some very personal narratives when the stats hit home.

What happened then matters now – echoes of Victorian philanthropists (Titus Salt and Robert Owen …) rub shoulders with Place matters – the epiphanies of Sure Start but also 12 years’ gaps of life expectancy within (let alone) cities and towns.

This could not be more timely – as a Labour government grapples with devolution, hard choices, and the growing divide between public and private, in the post-Covid world in education. This book should be on the virtual shelves of those who have the power to get some of this right.

—Gordon Marsden, Honorary Doctor of The Open University, former Shadow Minister for Higher and Further Education and Skills, Co-Founder of Right to Learn

As the government’s honeymoon has soured into widespread voter disillusion, it has offered us new ‘missions’, ‘targets’ and ‘milestones’. What remains missing is a clear moral anchor, rooted in the Labour Party’s history. This book, by contributors with deep practical experience of struggles against social injustice, helps to fill that lamentable void. It needs to be read by those with the power to reset public policy.

—Paul Collier, The Blavatnik School of Government, Oxford University

Ruskin College with its history of opening its doors to those who have been historically marginalised and offering them socially just pathways to empowerment and consciousness raising is reflected in this outstanding, timely, visionary and politically engaged collection.

The contributors bring a dynamic, multifaceted, radical and engaging lens for exploring, challenging and repositioning what it means to resist and remove the tough and often deep layers of inequality in society and education.

They offer critical in and out roads for humane and sustainable action and change, where people and their community are at the heart of levelling up; no matter what the circumstances of birth, dignity, hope and fairness are offered a space to flourish.

I will be dipping into this robust collection again and again. I highly recommend it for academics, educationalists, policymakers, students and anyone who cares about, challenging inequality and exploring real solutions for a shift towards a more just and joyous society.

—Vicky Duckworth, Professor of Further Education, Edge Hill University

MAKING EQUAL

New Visions for Opportunity and Growth

EDITED BY

GRAEME ATHERTON

Ruskin College and Ruskin Institute for Social Equity, UK

AND

PETER JOHN CBE

University of West London and Ruskin College Oxford, UK

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

Emerald Publishing Limited

Emerald Publishing, Floor 5, Northspring, 21-23 Wellington Street, Leeds LS1 4DL.

First edition 2025

Editorial matter and selection © 2025 Graeme Atherton and Peter John.

Individual chapters © 2025 The authors.

Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited.

Reprints and permissions service

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying issued in the UK by The Copyright Licensing Agency and in the USA by The Copyright Clearance Center. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the text, illustrations or advertisements. The opinions expressed in these chapters are not necessarily those of the Author or the publisher.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-83608-919-3 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-83608-916-2 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-83608-918-6 (Epub)

Forewordxi
1.Introduction: Inequality and Breaking with the Norm 
 Graeme Atherton1
Section 1: Creating Opportunity from Birth
2The Birth of Injustice 
 Philip Collins19
3‘It’s Human Capital, Stupid’ 
 David Blunkett29
4The Coordination Conundrum: Three Core Policy Principles for Post-16 Education and Training 
 James Robson43
5Inequality and Lifelong Learning 
 Jonathan Michie57
6Social Mobility and the Ministry of Poverty 
 John Bird67
Section 2: Higher Education – The Driver of Growth and Opportunity
7‘Higher Education Expansion as a Growth Strategy’ 
 Steve Coulter75
8Shaping Higher Education: Driving Economic Prosperity and Sustainability Through Engineering and Technology 
 Hilary Leevers85
9Equal Opportunities, Equal Outcomes and Higher Education: Choice or Circumstance? 
 Peter John95
10Leading in Place: The Value of a Holistic Approach to Driving Social Mobility and Regional Development 
 Kathryn M. Mitchell, Larissa Allwork and Gaynor Davis111
Section 3: Making Places Matter
11A Question of Scale: Refocussing Policy Towards Tackling Neighbourhood Level Inequality 
 Matt Leach125
12Pulling Together: A Cross-sector Collaboration Approach to Tackling Inequality 
 Ian Taylor135
13Investing in Regional Equality: How are International Success Factors Playing Out in the UK? 
 Abigail Taylor145
Section 4: Growth, the Economy, and the Role of Business
14Why a Failure to Address Inequality Fails Us All 
 Nigel Wilcock157
15The Role of Co-operative Growth in Reducing Inequality in Britain 
 Daniel Monaghan169
16Social Mobility and Business Regulation 
 Andy Boucher179
17Tech for Good: From Disparity to Opportunity 
 Nimmi Patel191
18Britain’s 21st Century Challenge: Employers Must Drive Social Mobility Too 
 Justine Greening205
Section 5: Labour and Inequality – Past, Present, and Future
19Labour’s Long March for Equality: A Continuing Incompleteness, A Continuing Struggle 
 Hilary Armstrong215
20Inequality Street? Realism and Riots in the 2024 UK General Election and After 
 Rupa Huq221
21Labour: Past, Present, Future and the 2024 General Election 
 Jon Cruddas235
22Conclusion 
 Graeme Atherton245
About the Editors261
About the Contributors263
Index271

Peter John

Professor Peter John CBE, Vice-chancellor of the University of West London and Principal of Ruskin College Oxford

The chapters in this book are part of a series of colloquiums held at Ruskin College during the past year to celebrate its 125th anniversary. Established in 1899, the College’s roots were firmly embedded in the workers’ education movement; one that would be of use and benefit to those who had been cut off from the standard educational routes. As an opportunity and access institution (to use the modern parlance), it catered for those with an intellectual thirst and a desirous aspiration. It was also a lever for those who wished to gain entry to higher education for personal, social, and economic reasons. In addition, from its inception it had, and continues to have, close ties with the Trade Union movement. And as I am apt to say, it is the institution that Jude Fawley (he of Hardy’s Jude the Obscure) would have studied at.

Throughout the decades Ruskin kept a strong focus on challenging inequality in all its forms; a concept that varies according to time and place as well as structure and magnitude. But as Thomas Piketty reminds us, at its core it is always ‘ideological and political’. At Ruskin, this took centre stage as it challenged orthodoxies and came up with new and alternative solutions to this common problem; one that enabled its students and others to imagine new worlds and different types of society. As the book title indicates, many paths are possible when you are exploring new ‘visions for opportunity and growth’.

Despite contending groups, political positions, and competing discourses, Ruskin College kept its principles unclouded and was always concerned to limit the deracination of its students. From the setting up of the Plebs League in 1908 to the present day, its staff and learners continue to stick to its values which remain driven by critique, possibility, and alternative progressive ideas which shape conceptions of social justice. And readers of this excellent volume will find these thoughts somewhere on every page. So, I will leave the last word to a legendary Ruskin tutor, Raphael Samuel, when writing about the death of Raymond Williams, the great cultural historian and critic, he said that we need a ‘recovery of a lost wholeness … a matter of age-old solidarities reasserting themselves, in conditions of difficulty and complexity’.