This article was written when the author was European Commissioner for Cohesion and Reforms. The author would like to thank participants at the 49th EIBA Conference (Lisbon, 15-17 December 2023) for their comments, and staff at the European Commission’s Directorate General for Regional and Urban Policy and at her Cabinet for support with the data and comments on earlier drafts.

You do not currently have access to this chapter.
Don't already have an account? Register

Purchased this content as a guest? Enter your email address to restore access.

Please enter valid email address.
Email address must be 94 characters or fewer.