ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study is based on work supported by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) grants CMMI 1030564, CMMI 1407428 and CMMI 1435494 and US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) grant W912HZ-13-C-0035. The third and fourth authors would like to acknowledge the continuous financial support provided by the Earthquake Commission (EQC) and Natural Hazards Research Platform (NHRP), New Zealand, for the research and investigations related to the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquakes. The authors also acknowledge the New Zealand GeoNet project and its sponsors EQC, GNS Science and Land Information New Zealand (LINZ) for providing the earthquake occurrence data and the Canterbury Geotechnical Database and its sponsor EQC for providing the CPT soundings, lateral spread observations and aerial imagery used in this study. However, any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of NSF, ERDC, EQC, NHRP or LINZ.