Programs are presented here for SMM and MIMIC analyses for Dataset 1. The SMM syntax specifies the most complex and constrained form of the multiple-group model we discuss; other models presented can generally be specified by removing intercepts and/or constraints. Instructions are included for removing these constraints following each program.

To adapt syntax for the partial invariance example for Dataset 2, first replace the data with the covariance matrix and means presented in Table 5.2. Second, follow the stepwise instructions under Model Specification in Table 5.3. For example, for the combined-groups model under Model Specification for Step 1, the intercepts of measures are freely estimated in both groups and the intercepts of factors are set to 0 in all groups.