Introduction

The second volume of this collection delves deeply into the pressing challenges and opportunities that Islamic countries face as they strive to balance socio-economic development with sustainability. As these nations continue to grow and evolve, they are confronted with the dual responsibility of fostering inclusive societies while addressing environmental sustainability, economic diversification, and good governance. Through data-driven insights and real-world examples, this volume offers a detailed exploration of these themes across the Islamic world.

Social protection systems in Islamic countries are evolving rapidly, with a focus on addressing poverty, inequality, and economic vulnerability. According to the World Bank, 70% of the population in Middle Eastern and North African countries is covered by some form of social protection, although this is still below the OECD average of 80%. In Saudi Arabia, social safety nets have been strengthened through direct cash transfer programs, which played a central role in mitigating the economic impacts of oil price volatility and the COVID-19 pandemic (World Bank, 2022). In Qatar, the Qatar Social Protection Fund has provided targeted assistance to vulnerable groups, while countries such as Jordan have expanded cash assistance programs aimed at supporting the poorest households (UNDP, 2021). More broadly, Islamic countries are increasingly integrating environmental sustainability into their national development strategies. The United Arab Emirates (UAE), for example, has embedded sustainability and clean energy targets within its long-term national planning framework (UAE Government, 2017).