2: Responsibility

The foundations (Chapter 2.1) of responsibility are found in philosophical roots (Chapter 2.1.1), ingrained in human nature (Chapter 2.1.4) and learned within the societal context (Chapter 2.1.3) given economic realities (Chapter 2.1.2). As a prerequisite for the functioning of market systems (Chapter 2.2), CSR (Chapter 2.3) complements corporate activities with value for society (Chapter 2.3.1) and is considered in financial investments (Chapter 2.4). As a multi-stakeholder phenomenon (Chapter 2.3.5), CSR is of value to various constituents (Chapter 2.3.1) in the international arena, where CSR is practiced in different forms (Chapter 2.3.1). CSR emerged in the Western world and is a culture-dependent phenomenon (Chapter 2.3.1). CSR becomes a feature of global governance (Chapter 2.3.3) in PPPs addressing social service provision (Chapter 2.3.4) and as a multi-stakeholder management means (Chapter 2.3.5). The United Nations Global Compact (UNGC) provides CSR with best practices principles and fosters CSR in PPPs (Chapter 2.3.6). COVID-19 heralds a new finance Renaissance that breeds a climate of responsible investment (Chapter 2.3.7). The COVID-19 external shock induced inequality (Chapter 2.3.8), which drove widespread attention to corporate social justice in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic era (Chapter 2.3.9).