Appendices

The relations introduced in Chapter 3 could be represented mathematically as follows:

G_b, G_t, and G_l are the gains/losses from industrial policy of, respectively, entrepreneurs, tycoons, and labor. C and W are changes of policies that are related to competition and welfare benefits, respectively. α_b and α_t are the effects of changes in competition policies on entrepreneurs and tycoons, while γ_b, γ_t, and γ_l are the effects of changes in welfare policies on entrepreneurs, tycoons, and labor, respectively.

Nonstate collective actors have the following comparative power depending on two independent sources of power:

P_b, P_t, and P_l are the total power of entrepreneurs, tycoons, and labor, respectively. Subscripts (s) and (n) are referring to the power of each of entrepreneurs (B), tycoons (T), and labor (L) with respect to the state and other nonstate actors, respectively.