Understanding Intercultural Interaction

Understanding Intercultural Interaction: An Analysis of Key Concepts, 2nd Edition

by

Frank Fitzpatrick

University of the Creative Arts, UK

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

Emerald Publishing Limited

Emerald Publishing, Floor 5, Northspring, 21-23 Wellington Street, Leeds LS1 4DL.

First edition 2024

Copyright © 2024 Frank Fitzpatrick.

Published under an exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited.

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-83753-441-8 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-83753-438-8 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-83753-440-1 (Epub)

List of Figuresix
About the Authorxi
Forewordxiii
Part I: Approach and Principles1
Intercultural or Cross-cultural?3
Sites of Intercultural Interaction4
Key Themes5
What Is Culture?5
Cultural Identity7
Cultural Essentialism8
The Universality of Culture8
The Question of Cultural Relativism9
Context and Power9
Beyond Culture Towards Interculturality10
The Global Workplace12
How the Key Concepts are Organised12
How to Use This Book14
Part II: Key Concepts17
Acculturation19
Anxiety Uncertainty Management (AUM) Theory23
Attribution Theory (AT)27
Chinese Values Survey (CVS)30
Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT)33
Computer-mediated Communication (CMC)37
Conversational Constraints Theory (CCT)42
Cognitive Dissonance Theory (CDT)45
Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)48
Critical Intercultural Communication (CICC)51
Cross-cultural Adjustment54
Cross-cultural Attachment Theory (CCAT)58
Cross-cultural Communication (CCC)62
Cross-cultural Ethics in International Business65
Cultural Anthropology69
Cultural Context72
Cultural Dimensions76
Cultural Diplomacy80
Cultural Essentialism84
Cultural Hybridity88
Cultural Identity92
Cultural Imperialism96
Cultural Intelligence (CQ)100
Cultural Metaphors103
Cultural Paradigms106
Cultural Pluralism110
Cultural Relativism113
Cultural Stereotyping116
Cultural Studies121
Cultural Tightness Theory (CTL)126
Cultural Universals130
Culture and Ideology133
Culture and Power136
Culture and Tourism140
Culture Contact144
Culture Learning Theory (CLT)147
Culture Shock151
Culture Training155
Culturism and Cultural Otherising159
Democracy Index (DI)162
Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS)166
Ease of Doing Business Index (EDBI)169
Economic Freedom Index (EFI)172
Ethnocentrism175
Expectancy Violation Theory (EVT)178
Face Negotiation Theory (FNT)182
Global Competitiveness Index ( GCI)186
Global Slavery Index (GSI)189
The GLOBE Studies192
E.T. Hall: The Silent Language197
Geert Hofstede: Software of the Mind200
Adrian Holliday: A Grammar of Culture206
Human Development Index (HDI)210
Identity Management Theory (IMT)214
Identity Negotiation Theory (INT)217
Individualism and Collectivism220
Integrated Threat Theory (ITT)225
Integrative Communication Theory (ICT)228
Interaction Adaptation Theory (IAT)231
Intercultural Communication (ICC)234
Intercultural Competence (IC)239
Intercultural Dialogue (ICD)244
Intercultural Literacy247
Interculturality250
Interdiscourse Communication (IDC)253
International Human Resource Management (IHRM)257
R.D. Lewis: When Cultures Collide264
Managing Cultural Diversity at Work (EDI)267
Managing in the Global Workplace272
Managing Intercultural Teams276
John Mole: The Culture Triangle280
Multiculturalism283
Non-Verbal Communication (NVC)288
Organisational Culture292
Postmodernism297
Power Distance301
Rule of Law Index (RLI)305
Schwartz: Theory of Basic Human Values309
Social Identity Theory (SIT)313
Social Network Analysis (SNA)316
Social Progress Index (SPI)320
Socialisation and Enculturation323
Third Culture Identity (TCI)326
Time Orientation329
Fons Trompenaars: Seven Dimensions of Culture332
World Press Freedom Index (WPFI)335
World Values Survey (WVS)338
Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI)341
Index345
Fig.The Process of Cross-cultural Adjustment.56
Fig.PESTLE(C) Analysis of Cultural Context.74
Fig.The Continuum of Influence.81
Fig.Examples of Cultural Hybridity.89
Fig.Development of Individual Identity.94
Fig.The U-shaped Model of Culture Shock.151
Fig.EPRG Choice Factors.260
Fig.Levels of Cultural Diversity.268
Fig.Levels of Cultural Diversity Visibility.269
Fig.Managing the Global Workplace.273
Fig.Building Interculturality in the Global Workplace.278

Dr Frank Fitzpatrick is a highly qualified and accomplished international business leader, intercultural consultant and academic. For over 25 years, he has worked as an intercultural specialist extensively across several continents in complex strategic environments, successfully promoting intercultural awareness and collaboration among diverse groups of people from different cultural backgrounds. He has a PhD in Cross-cultural Communication, Master’s degrees in Business Administration and Linguistics and is a Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. He is currently Director of the Strategic Business Management Programme in the Business School for the Creative Industries at the University of the Creative Arts in the UK.

This book is aimed at students and professionals who wish to deepen their knowledge of how people interact in intercultural contexts by providing an overview of key concepts from a breadth of perspectives. Living, working and studying in intercultural and international contexts is ever more relevant to everyone, whether as language educators or students of social sciences, men and women working in international business and human resources or professionals dealing with issues in international relations and international development and specialist sectors such as industry, diplomacy, health and education, among others. As education and work become increasingly international, every student and professional at some point is likely to feel the need to explore and discuss concepts of culture and identity in order to be prepared for intercultural encounters in the globalised workplace, not least to understand themselves and the role that they play in their own society and on the international stage. For this, they will need the opportunity to be informed on and to explore notions of culture and identity and how they relate to their lives and future work. This book, then, brings together the most important and widely used concepts and theories relating to intercultural interaction in an informative and accessible manner in order to enable students and professionals of all backgrounds to improve their knowledge and prospects for the future. This will enrich the experience of intercultural interaction, improve the quality of business policies and dealings and build tolerance and understanding of different perspectives and conditions across the world of work and study.