1: Abd al-Karim al-Jili's Unity in Diversity and Diversity in Unity

Abd al-Karim al-Jili (1365–1424) presented a holistic view of the universe which reflects “unity in diversity and diversity in unity” (Kalin, 2004).

The response to diversity can take two fundamentally opposing forms. An attempt to suppress it by trying to iron out differences in the pursuit of some sort of uniformity. Or an acceptance, embrace, and celebration of it as an integral part of the natural order and as a foundation for versatility – based on an understanding that differences enrich human interactions thus providing a fertile source for creativity. The embrace and celebration of diversity and versatility will be founded on freedom; the enforcement of uniformity invites tyranny.