Chapter 5: Educational Labour as Child Slavery

According to Samuel Bowles in a 1978 journal article:

In his account of how the governments of poor countries hoped to achieve social and economic development by replicating the educational histories of the advanced capitalist countries, doing this by expanding schooling and in particular by adopting universal primary education, Bowles does not mention how those governments also decided to enhance the contribution of schooling to the development process by statutorily imposing and expanding compulsory schooling, a strategy which furthermore they chose to retain whatever else – such as turning to non-formal basic education – they decided to try. Indeed, in his article, Bowles does not mention compulsory schooling despite its considerable popularity among all governments around the world by the 1960s, and which since has been further consolidated.