Chapter 3: Organization and Presentation of Data

The raw material of research is data. To obtain data, researchers need to measure the characteristics of people or other entities.

Four types of measurement methods can be specified to measure variables: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.

Before starting to evaluate the data, it is necessary to determine by which type of measurement each variable is expressed. This assessment helps to choose which type of analysis to choose.

Count-based variables may be either categorical or ordinal.

Nominal scale is the classification of received responses or measurements. Nominal variables are also called categorical or qualitative variables. Examples of these variables can be given in Table 3.1.