...In short, the relatively small number of prior studies in this field revealed (1) several important distinctions concerning the mutual stereotypes between PhD holders and their employers; (2) the ‘organizational cultural’ shock when entering the non-academic labour market; (3) the lack of support...

...Abstract This paper contributes to the literature on overeducation by empirically investigating the wage penalty of job–education mismatch among PhD holders who completed their studies in Italy; a country where the number of new doctoral recipients has dramatically increased over recent years...