... validity and fairness is discussed. Best practices involving statistical methods, DIF panel reviews, clear policies, and stakeholder engagement are emphasized to ensure relevance and fairness in assessments. Differential item functioning (DIF) measurement bias test fairness standardized assessment...

...) measurement bias validity gaslighting victim blaming academia Abstract Purpose: Previous research identified a measurement gap in the individual assessment of social misconduct in the workplace related to gender. This gap implies that women respond to comparable self-reported acts of bullying...