... of South Africa. An unsupervised machine learning approach, namely Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM), is applied to the survey data. Subsequently, the farmers' risk perceptions between the different clusters are analyzed and compared. Findings According to the results of the cluster analysis, the small...

... an unsupervised machine learning approach to identify urban-rural integration typologies based on multidimensional metrics regarding economic, population and social integration in China. Design/methodology/approach The study introduces partitioning around medoids (PAM) for the identification of urban-rural...