... enhance the adoption of recommended practices (Munasinghe and Wanigasundara, 2019), while contract farming experiments suggest that women’s empowerment improves equity but not always efficiency (Dishanka et al., 2022). During crises such as COVID-19, women’s bargaining power within plantation...

... of targeted microcredit on households’ MdRP in the new era. Findings (i) Targeted microcredit can alleviate MdRP among rural households in the new era, mainly by reducing income and opportunity inequality. (ii) Targeted microcredit can promote women’s empowerment, mainly by enhancing their social...