.... Design/methodology/approach Analyses of secondary data, including the World Values Survey, and a new survey across 56 countries represented by nearly 53,000 probabilistically selected respondents. Findings Improved operationalizations of individualism-collectivism (IDV-COLL) suggest it is a robust...

... of traditional national cultures. Individualism and collectivism are among the most promising concepts for understanding how social psychological phenomena relate to culture (Triandis and Gelfand, 1998), especially differences between eastern and western cultures (Dong and Liu, 2010 ; Jaw et al...