...Thao Phuong Orrensalo; Maria Ivanova-Gongne; Stefan Lång; Eeva-Liisa Eskola Purpose Numerous studies have investigated the role of language proficiency in the integration of migrants into their host countries; however, they have often overlooked the intricacies of language in cases in which...

...&As suggest different and often controversial relationships between culture, integration and performance. The purpose of this paper is to identify major sources of inconsistent results, thereby providing promising directions for future research. Design/methodology/approach Findings are based...