...-transparency environments. This study addresses both gaps by testing how board and audit characteristics relate to accrual-based earnings management in a large panel of unlisted SMEs in Portugal and Spain (2012–2021), thereby identifying boundary conditions for governance effectiveness beyond the listed-firm...

... Limited research on the relationship between BOD characteristics and accruals based on the world’s second-largest economy, especially on the impact of foreign directors in the China market. The result provides a comprehensive analysis on relationship between 6 different BOD characteristics...

... Earning management Accruals Alignment incentive hypothesis Managerial power hypothesis Executives' stock options compensation has been the subject of extensive prior research highlighting its incentive role (Kedia and Mozumdar, 2002 ; Lambert et al., 1991). It is only lately...