... positively affects ESG disclosure. More specifically, the results provide evidence that the economic effect of board gender diversity on ESG disclosure gets pronounced/amplified at different quantile levels, supporting the arguments of critical mass. Research limitations/implications The study used...

... characteristics on dividend distribution across various levels. Furthermore, this study investigates the nonlinear relationship between female directors and dividend payout. This paper identifies an inverted U-shaped relationship between female directors and dividend payout, which aligns with the critical mass...

... number of women serving in senior management roles. Once women directors gain a critical mass of three women on the board, the association with the total number of women directors, the number of boards upon which they concurrently serve, the power of women directors being selected to board leadership...

... panel data regression analysis. Findings The main findings indicate that women directors’ presence renders a modest positive effect on REIT performance but only when they reach critical mass on REIT boards; and that women directors have no effect at all on REIT value. Additional findings indicate...

... the “critical mass” of women directors and their educational level. Design/methodology/approach – The hypotheses are tested on a unique dataset of 211 European Union publicly listed companies in 2012 belonging to the construction industry from 28 different countries through a set of ordinary least squares...