... using the classical Ziegler–Nichols ( ZN ) method for improving dynamic performance. To further enhance its control accuracy and robustness, a metaheuristic optimization technique – particle swarm optimization ( PSO ) is used to optimally tune the PI gains. Findings The proposed LMF–PI–PSO control...

... CTA Evolutionary optimisation RGA PSO DE CMAES Measurement plays a vital role in examining and investigating scientific and technological experiments. They are proven to be more important in science and engineering, as the whole of science relies on measurements (Islam et al...

... maximum circuit optimization using IWO hybridized with particle swarm optimization (PSO). Design/methodology/approach This paper projects the complexities of global routing process of VLSI circuit design in mapping it with a well-known NP-complete problem, the minimum rectilinear Steiner tree (MRST...