... where people felt “there is no effective mechanism to challenge local officials who violate procedures or fail to deliver promised services” (Opulencia-Calub et al., 2017 , p. 20). Disasters Participatory communication Backchannels Freedom of expression ICT for disasters...

.... Research limitations/implications – A unique analytical framework adapted from the duel lenses of participatory communication and information flow models, is used to differentiate events using one-way information from those offering opportunities for dialogue and participation. The framework provides...