... structure in research surveys. Practical implications The findings offer a practitioner-oriented hands-on approach to examine measures in business surveys. Originality/value This paper contributes to a foundation to avoid pitfalls and flaws in validity and reliability of multi-item measures...

... the steps of validity and reliability discussed in relation to predetermined measurement and structural models in SEM, application implications are provided. Practical implications Like many statistical tools, SEM can be misused to manipulate findings and fit of measurement and structural models...