... an improved airfoil design method of fixed-wing MAV based on the profile data of S5010 airfoil. Design/methodology/approach Combined with the body shape variation of the stingray in the propulsion process, the parametric study of the aerodynamic shape of the original design airfoil is carried out...

.../methodology/approach The airfoil design process was solved using the reinforcement learning (RL) method. An intellectual method based on a modified deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm was implemented. The new method was applied to agents to learn the design policy under dynamic constraints...