.... By incorporating body forces through radial integration without radial basis functions, the method offers a simpler yet effective framework. The dovetail joint application highlights both its engineering relevance and novelty. Leonardo Bernardo e Silva can be contacted at: leobsilvaa@gmail.com...

...Meisam Takalloozadeh; Gil Ho Yoon Purpose Body forces are always applied to structures in the form of the weight of materials. In some cases, they can be neglected in comparison with other applied forces. Nevertheless, there is a wide range of structures in civil and mechanical engineering...