... of the split channel width, i.e. b, into equation (10) , gives the following: Figure 1. Structural diseases in a tunnel caused by differential settlement Grouting under the tunnel bottom and reinforcing the foundation soil are important means for controlling the settlement of shield...

... of resisting ground liquefaction but large differential settlement occurred. Moreover, most part of the differential settlement occurred during earthquake motion. Attention should be paid not only to the liquefaction behavior of the ground during the earthquake motion, but also the long-term settlement after...