... of nested kriging, as well as describes how to incorporate it into the multi-objective design framework. The main goal is the reduction of the computational overhead of multi-objective design beyond what is offered by the existing approaches. For the purpose of further considerations, the design...

..., the computational time is reduced from over three days to less than half a day. Originality/value The proposed design strategies are novel and holistic. The strategies render multi-objective design of aerodynamic surfaces using high-fidelity simulation data in moderately sized search spaces computationally...

... computational cost. Surrogate modelling Co-Kriging Aerodynamic shape optimization Design space reduction Multi-objective design Variable-fidelity CFD models (1) x c * ( k ) = arg min l ⩽ x ⩽ u F k ( c ( x ) ) , Optimization has become...