... of the developed elastoplastic Cosserat continuum scheme in capturing the entire progressive failure process when the strain-softening and the non-associated plastic law are involved. Originality/value The permit of using low-order finite elements is of great importance to enhance computational efficiency...

... stiffness method and the Newton‐Raphson method. Design/methodology/approach In this work, the accelerated symmetric stiffness matrix methods, which cover the accelerated initial stiffness methods as special cases, are proposed for non‐associated plasticity. Within the computational framework...