... disturbances, a novel car-following model is established to smooth traffic flow. Design/methodology/approach This paper proposed a Proportion Integration Differentiation (PID) control strategy based on classical control theory and developed a novel car-following model. The linear system theory and Laplace...

... benchmark to the solution. The results are compared with the following techniques: Robust control, continuous PID control, discrete PID control, Optimal Control, Fuzzy Control and Artificial Neural Network based control. Comparisons are presented in terms of setting time and overshot. Originality/value...

... can reduce the error significantly after two learning iterations. The developed method using bounded constraints technique provides valuable programming tools to practicing engineers. Originality/value – The proposed IPSO-ILC-PID controller overcomes the shortcomings of conventional ILC-PID...